Réttindi barna í leikskólum í Garðabæ : INNLEIÐING BARNVÆNS SVEITARFÉLAGS VETURINN 2022-2023

Í október 2020 var undirritaður samningur um að innleiða Barnasáttmála Sameinuðu þjóðanna í Garðabæ og verða þannig hluti af verkefninu Barnvæn sveitarfélög. Innleiðingarferlið er unnið í samstarfi við UNICEF á Íslandi og var einnig gerður samstarfssamningur á skólaárinu 2022 – 2023 við Rannsóknarstofu í menntunarfræðum ungra barna um að koma að gagnvirkni umræðu í fimm skipti með leikskólastjórum leikskóla Garðabæjar um mótun leikskólastarfsins og innleiðingu Barnasáttmála Sameinuðu þjóðanna í starfsemi viðkomandi leikskóla, sjá frétt á heimasíðu Garðabæjar. Verkefnið Barnvænt sveitarfélag miðar að því að byggja upp breiðfylkingu sveitarfélaga á Íslandi sem láta sér mannréttindi barna varða, með Barnasáttmálann að leiðarljósi og auknu samstarfi milli ríkis og sveitarfélaga. Hugmyndafræði Barnvænna sveitarfélaga byggir á alþjóðlegu verkefni UNICEF, Child Friendly Cities, en það hefur verið innleitt í hundruðum sveitarfélaga um allan heim. Barnvæn sveitarfélög vinna markvisst að því að uppfylla réttindi barna og UNICEF á Íslandi styður sveitarfélögin í innleiðingu sinni á Barnasáttmálanum. UNICEF á Íslandi er íslensk landsnefnd Barnahjálpar Sameinuðu þjóðanna sem berst fyrir réttindum barna bæði erlendis og á Íslandi

Gas emissions and crustal deformation from the Krýsuvík high temperature geothermal system, Iceland

The Krýsuvík volcanic system is located on the oblique spreading Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland. Since early 2009 the region has been undergoing episodes of localized ground uplift and subsidence. From April–November 2013, we operated near-real time monitoring of gas emissions in Krýsuvík, using a Multi-component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS), collecting data on gas composition from a fumarole (H₂O, CO₂, SO₂, H₂S). The dataset in this study, comprises a near-continuous gas composition time series, the quantification of diffuse CO₂ gas flux, analytical results for direct samples of dry gas, seismic records, and GPS data. Gas emissions from the Krýsuvík geothermal system were examined and compared with crustal deformation and seismicity. The gas emissions from the Krýsuvík system are H₂O-dominated, with CO₂ as the most abundant dry gas species, followed by smaller concentrations of H₂S. The average subsurface equilibrium temperature was calculated as 278 °C. This is consistent with previous observations made through sporadic spot sampling campaigns. In addition, the semi-continuous Multi-GAS dataset reveals higher variations in gas composition than previously reported by spot sampling. The diffuse soil CO₂ flux is found to be variable between the three studied degassing areas in Krýsuvík, ranging from 10.9–70.9 T/day, with the highest flux in Hveradalir where the Multi-GAS station is located. The total flux is estimated as 101 T/day. Comparison between Multi-GAS and geophysical data shows that peaks of H₂O-rich emissions appears to follow crustal movements. Coinciding with the H₂O-rich peaks, SO₂ is detected in minor amounts (~0.6 ppmv), allowing for calculations of H₂O/SO₂, CO₂/SO₂ and H₂S/SO₂ ratios. This is the first time SO₂ has been detected in the Krýsuvík area. The large variations in H₂O/CO₂ and H₂O/H₂S ratios are considered to reflect variable degassing activity in the fumarole. The activity of the fumarole appears less intense during intervals of low or no recorded seismic events. The H2₂O/CO₂ and H₂O/H₂S ratios are lower, presumably due to H₂O condensation affecting the steam jet before reaching the Multi-GAS inlet tube

Injection-induced surface deformation and seismicity at the Hellisheidi geothermal field, Iceland

Induced seismicity is often associated with fluid injection but only rarely linked to surface deformation. At the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant in south-west Iceland we observe up to 2 cm of surface displacements during 2011–2012, indicating expansion of the crust. The displacements occurred at the same time as a strong increase in seismicity was detected and coincide with the initial phase of geothermal wastewater reinjection at Hellisheidi. Reinjection started on September 1, 2011 with a flow rate of around 500 kg/s. Micro-seismicity increased immediately in the area north of the injection sites, with the largest seismic events in the sequence being two M4 earthquakes on October 15, 2011. Semi-continuous GPS sites installed on October 15 and 17, and on November 2, 2011 reveal a transient signal which indicates that most of the deformation occurred in the first months after the start of the injection. The surface deformation is evident in ascending TerraSAR-X data covering June 2011 to May 2012 as well. We use an inverse modeling approach and simulate both the InSAR and GPS data to find the most plausible cause of the deformation signal, investigating how surface deformation, seismicity and fluid injection may be connected to each other. We argue that fluid injection caused an increase in pore pressure which resulted in increased seismicity and fault slip. Both pore pressure increase and fault slip contribute to the surface deformation

Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption.We usemultiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-squarekilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, nearexponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption

Evolution of deformation and stress changes during the caldera collapse and dyking at Bárdarbunga, 2014–2015: Implication for triggering of seismicity at nearby Tungnafellsjökull volcano

Stress transfer associated with an earthquake, which may result in the seismic triggering of aftershocks (earthquake–earthquake interactions) and/or increased volcanic activity (earthquake–volcano interactions), is a well-documented phenomenon. However limited studies have been undertaken concerning volcanic triggering of activity at neighbouring volcanoes (volcano–volcano interactions). Here we present new deformation and stress modelling results utilising a wealth of diverse geodetic observations acquired during the 2014–2015 unrest and eruption within the Bárdarbunga volcanic system. These comprise a combination of InSAR, GPS, LiDAR, radar profiling and optical satellite measurements. We find a strong correlation between the locations of increased seismicity at nearby Tungnafellsjökull volcano and regions of increased tensile and Coulomb stress changes. Our results suggest that stress transfer during this major event has resulted in earthquake triggering at the neighbouring Tungnafellsjökull volcano by unclamping faults within the associated fissure swarm. This work has immediate application to volcano monitoring; to distinguish the difference between stress transfer and new intrusive activity

Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption.We usemultiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-squarekilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, nearexponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption.</p

Controls on explosive-effusive volcanic eruption styles

One of the biggest challenges in volcanic hazard assessment is to understand how and why eruptive style changes within the same eruptive period or even from one eruption to the next at a given volcano. This review evaluates the competing processes that lead to explosive and effusive eruptions of silicic magmas. Eruptive style depends on a set of feedbacks involving interrelated magmatic properties and processes. Foremost of these are magma viscosity, gas loss, and external properties such as conduit geometry. Ultimately, these parameters control the speed at which magmas ascend, decompress and outgas en route to the surface, and thus determine eruptive style and evolution

Stjórnarskrá Konungsríkisins Noregs 49. - 121. gr.

Viðfangsefni þeirrar BA-ritgerðar í norsku sem hér liggur fyrir, er þýðing á Stjórnarskrá Konungsríkisins Noregs. Í ritgerðinni er fyrst rætt almennt um norsku stjórnarskrána. Síðan kemur kafli um þýðingafræði og er þar meðal annars fjallað um þýðingar á lagatextum. Þá tekur við sjálf þýðingin á Stjórnarskrá Konungsríkisins Noregs 49. – 121. gr., það er að segja þeim köflum sem fjalla um ríkisborgararétt, löggjafarvaldið, dómsvaldið, mannréttindi og almenn ákvæði. Þar sem vitað er að þýðing á lagatextum krefst, auk þekkingar á viðkomandi tungumálum, einhverrar þekkingar á lögum, er ekki úr vegi að geta þess að undirrituð brautskráðist 2013 frá Háskóla Íslands með MPA-gráðu í opinberri stjórnsýslu. Það gæti að minnsta kosti skýrt valið á efni þessa verkefnis

A Snapshot of New Zealand's Dynamic Deformation Field From Envisat InSAR and GNSS Observations Between 2003 and 2011

Measuring the deformation at the Earth's surface over a range of spatial and temporal scales is vital for understanding seismic hazard, detecting volcanic unrest, and assessing the effects of vertical land movements (VLMs) on sea level rise. Here, we combine ∼10 years of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations from Envisat with interseismic campaign and continuous GNSS velocities to build a high-resolution velocity field of New Zealand. Exploiting the horizontal GNSS observations, we estimate the vertical component of the deformation to provide the VLM for the entire 15,000-km-long coastline. The estimated vertical rates show large variability around the country as a result of volcanic, tectonic, and anthropogenic sources. Interseismic subsidence is observed in Kaikoura region supporting models of at least partial locking of the southern Hikurangi subduction interface. Despite data challenges in the mountainous regions from landslides, sediment compaction, and glaciers, InSAR data shows localized uplift of the Southern Alps