The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Eating Behavior among Adults Poles

Background: Due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), many restrictions and temporary lockdown were carried out. As a result, previous lifestyle, including diet, were disrupted.Objectives: The aim of this review was to assess changes in eating behavior during the COVID-19 compared to the period before pandemic in Poland. Methods: In the review involved original studies concerning adults Poles (aged ≥ 18), including changes in their eating behavior.Results: The COVID-19 pandemic and the social isolation periods had ambiguous influence on diet in Poland. The changes were dependent on many factors e.g. age, sex, education, occupation, or body weight. In general, regular diet pattern was followed. In case of changes, positive and negative eating habits were observed. Improper eating behavior such as the increase of total food and junk food intake was noticed, however improvement of the diet also was observed. Consumption of healthy food, such as vegetables and fruit went up. The significant increase of home cooking also was noticed.Conclusions: The present review indicates the need for future strategies to assess nutrition in cases of alarming situations. Promoting healthy eating behavior appears to be essential, especially during the pandemic

Low increase in phenylalanine tolerance during pregnancies in PKU woman with high prepregnancy BMI and postconceptional initiation of diet: A case report

Background: Women with untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) are at an increased risk to have offspring with multiple abnormalities due to teratogenic effects of hyperphenylalaninaemia. Treatment goals include blood phenylalanine concentrations between 120 and 360 μmol/L, however, there are limited pieces of evidence for the practical management of pregnant PKU patient and prediction of phenylalanine tolerance changes during a course of pregnancy. Case: We report the case of a mother with classical PKU (p.R408W/p.R408W) and the course of her two pregnancies with low phenylalanine tolerance increase (347mg and 227mg) despite the rewarding collaboration with a nutritionist. Conclusion: This case report does not confirm the observation that a very low phenylalanine tolerance increase in pregnancy of PKU patient is a marker of coexisting PKU-affection in fetus. Key words: Phenylketonuria, Pregnancy care, Phenylalanine

Alternatives to cow’s milk products in infant nutrition: Goat’s milk-based formulas

There is increasing consumer awareness of the relationship between nutrition and health. Goat milk is a food of high nutrition value, with high biological value protein, and a good source of minerals and medium chain fatty acids. Infant formula manufacturers nowdays offer a wide range of products based on cow’s milk and non-bovine milks, trying to fulfill the needs of young children. The review discusses the key factors influencing the market demand for goat’s milk products

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Eating Behavior among Adults Poles

Background: Due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), many restrictions and temporary lockdown were carried out. As a result, previous lifestyle, including diet, were disrupted. Objectives: The aim of this review was to assess changes in eating behavior during the COVID-19 compared to the period before pandemic in Poland.  Methods: In the review involved original studies concerning adults Poles (aged ≥ 18), including changes in their eating behavior. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic and the social isolation periods had ambiguous influence on diet in Poland. The changes were dependent on many factors e.g. age, sex, education, occupation, or body weight. In general, regular diet pattern was followed. In case of changes, positive and negative eating habits were observed. Improper eating behavior such as the increase of total food and junk food intake was noticed, however improvement of the diet also was observed. Consumption of healthy food, such as vegetables and fruit went up. The significant increase of home cooking also was noticed. Conclusions: The present review indicates the need for future strategies to assess nutrition in cases of alarming situations. Promoting healthy eating behavior appears to be essential, especially during the pandemic

Lack of association of polymorphic variants of genes encoding zinc transporters with the risk of orofacial cleft-affected pregnancies

Maternal zinc deficiency seems to be a risk factor for orofacial clefts in offspring. This study was undertaken toinvestigate the involvement of polymorphic variants of genes for zinc transporters in the susceptibility of clefting. PCRRFLPanalysis was used to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms of SLC30A1 (rs7526700, rs2278651, rs611386),SLC30A4 (rs2453531, rs8029246), SLC30A5 (rs351444, rs164393, rs6886492), SLC39A1 (rs10127484, rs11264736), andSLC39A3 (rs759071, rs4806874, rs10415622) in mothers of children with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleftpalate (CL/P) and control mothers. The allele, genotype, and haplotype distribution was found to be similar among case andcontrol mothers. Also, the gene-by-gene interaction analysis conducted using the Multifactor Dimensionality Reductionapproach revealed no significant interactive genetic effect on having a child with a cleft. In conclusion, our results demonstratedthat the analyzed polymorphic variants of genes for zinc transporters are not implicated in abnormal palatogenesisin the investigated group of women from the Polish population

Lack of association of polymorphic variants of genes encoding zinc transporters with the risk of orofacial cleft-affected pregnancies.

Maternal zinc deficiency seems to be a risk factor for orofacial clefts in offspring. This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of polymorphic variants of genes for zinc transporters in the susceptibility of clefting. PCRRFLP analysis was used to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms of SLC30A1 (rs7526700, rs2278651, rs611386), SLC30A4 (rs2453531, rs8029246), SLC30A5 (rs351444, rs164393, rs6886492), SLC39A1 (rs10127484, rs11264736), and SLC39A3 (rs759071, rs4806874, rs10415622) in mothers of children with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and control mothers. The allele, genotype, and haplotype distribution was found to be similar among case and control mothers. Also, the gene-by-gene interaction analysis conducted using the Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction approach revealed no significant interactive genetic effect on having a child with a cleft. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the analyzed polymorphic variants of genes for zinc transporters are not implicated in abnormal palatogenesis in the investigated group of women from the Polish population

Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with coeliac disease: a population-based cohort study

Objective: To examine major congenital anomaly (CA) risks in children of mothers with coeliac disease (CD) compared with mothers without CD. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: Linked maternal–child medical records from a large primary care database from the UK. Population: A total of 562 332 live singletons of mothers with and without CD in 1990–2013. Methods: We calculated the absolute major CA risks in children whose mothers had CD, and whether this was diagnosed or undiagnosed before childbirth. Logistic regression with a generalised estimating equation was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for CAs associated with CD. Main outcome measures: Fourteen system-specific major CA groups classified according to the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies and neural tube defects (NTDs). Results: Major CA risk in 1880 children of mothers with CD was 293 per 10 000 liveborn singletons, similar to the risk in those without CD (282; aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.74–1.30). The risk was slightly higher in 971 children, whose mothers were undiagnosed (350; aOR 1.14, 95% CI 0.79–1.64), than in 909 children whose mothers were diagnosed (231; aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.52–1.24). There was a three-fold increase in nervous system anomalies in the children of mothers with undiagnosed CD (aOR 2.98, 95% CI 1.06–8.33, based on five exposed cases and one had an NTD), and these women were all diagnosed with CD at least 4 years after their children were born. Conclusions: There was no statistically significant increase in risk of major CAs in children of mothers with coeliac disease overall, compared with the general population

Citrulline as a marker of intestinal function and absorption in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Citrulline has been described as a marker of intestinal function or absorption but evidence varies according to clinical settings. Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the evidence of plasma citrulline as a marker of intestinal function and absorption in various clinical settings. Methods: Studies were examined for p values, means and standard deviations, correlation coefficients or other metrics depicting the association of citrulline with intestinal function. A random effects model was used to produce a pooled estimate. A hierarchical summary receiver operating curve model was fitted for diagnostic accuracy measures. Results: Citrulline levels are correlated strongly with small bowel length in short bowel syndrome patients (r = 0.67). Citrulline is strongly negatively correlated (r = –0.56) with intestinal disease severity with regards to enteropathies (coeliac disease, tropical enteropathy, Crohn’s disease, mucositis, acute rejection in intestinal transplantation). Citrulline cut-off levels have an overall sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 84% respectively. Citrulline levels in untreated coeliac patients compared to controls were reduced by 10 µmol/l. Citrulline levels increase with gluten-free diet and with improvement of enteropathy. Citrulline is decreased in critical illness and sepsis. Conclusion: These findings allow us to advocate quite reasonably that citrulline is a marker of acute and chronic intestinal insufficiency

Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Are Highly Prevalent in Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease Patients

Malabsorption, weight loss and vitamin/mineral-deficiencies characterize classical celiac disease (CD). This study aimed to assess the nutritional and vitamin/mineral status of current “early diagnosed” untreated adult CD-patients in the Netherlands. Newly diagnosed adult CD-patients were included (n = 80, 42.8 ± 15.1 years) and a comparable sample of 24 healthy Dutch subjects was added to compare vitamin concentrations. Nutritional status and serum concentrations of folic acid, vitamin A, B6, B12, and (25-hydroxy) D, zinc, haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were determined (before prescribing gluten free diet). Almost all CD-patients (87%) had at least one value below the lower limit of reference. Specifically, for vitamin A, 7.5% of patients showed deficient levels, for vitamin B6 14.5%, folic acid 20%, and vitamin B12 19%. Likewise, zinc deficiency was observed in 67% of the CD-patients, 46% had decreased iron storage, and 32% had anaemia. Overall, 17% were malnourished (>10% undesired weight loss), 22% of the women were underweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18.5), and 29% of the patients were overweight (BMI > 25). Vitamin deficiencies were barely seen in healthy controls, with the exception of vitamin B12. Vitamin/mineral deficiencies were counter-intuitively not associated with a (higher) grade of histological intestinal damage or (impaired) nutritional status. In conclusion, vitamin/mineral deficiencies are still common in newly “early diagnosed” CD-patients, even though the prevalence of obesity at initial diagnosis is rising. Extensive nutritional assessments seem warranted to guide nutritional advices and follow-up in CD treatment

Nucleotide variants of the cancer predisposing gene CDH1 and the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate

The CDH1 gene plays an important role during carcinogenesis and craniofacial morphogenesis. Germline mutations in this gene have been described in families presenting syndromic diffuse gastric cancer and orofacial clefts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between nucleotide variants of CDH1 and the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CDH1 gene (rs16260, rs9929218, rs7186053, rs4783573, rs16958383, and rs1801552) were genotyped using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assays in 250 patients with NSCL/P and 540 controls from the Polish population. Comparison between patient and control groups showed that the CDH1 rs1801552 variant, under the assumption of recessive model, was associated with a two-fold decrease in the risk of NSCL/P (OR= 0.481, 95 % CI 0.281-0.824, p = 0.007). This association remained statistically significant even after the multiple testing correction. No significant associations with NSCL/P risk were found for the other five tested SNPs. We found a strong association between the cancer predisposing gene CDH1 and the risk of NSCL/P in the Polish population. This result, together with previous observations of co-occurrence of orofacial clefts and a variety of cancer types, suggests the need for replication studies testing rs1801552 in NSCL/P cohorts with a known cancer history