155 research outputs found
Inverse sampling and triangular sequential designs to compare a small proportion with a reference value
Inverse sampling and formal sequential designs may prove useful in reducing the sample size in studies where a small population proportion p is compared with a hypothesized reference proportion p0. These methods are applied to the design of a cytogenetic study about chromosomal abnormalities in men with a daughter affected by Turner's syndrome. First it is shown how the calculated sample size for a classical design depends on the parameterization used. Later this sample size is compared with the required sample size in an inverse sampling design and a triangular sequential design using four different parameterizations (absolute differences, log-odds ratio, angular transform and Sprott's transform). The expected savings in sample size, when the alternative hypothesis is true, are 20% of the fixed sample size for the inverse sampling design and 40% for the triangular sequential design
Horizontal flow fields observed in Hinode G-band images. I. Methods
Context: The interaction of plasma motions and magnetic fields is an
important mechanism, which drives solar activity in all its facets. For
example, photospheric flows are responsible for the advection of magnetic flux,
the redistribution of flux during the decay of sunspots, and the built-up of
magnetic shear in flaring active regions. Aims: Systematic studies based on
G-band data from the Japanese Hinode mission provide the means to gather
statistical properties of horizontal flow fields. This facilitates comparative
studies of solar features, e.g., G-band bright points, magnetic knots, pores,
and sunspots at various stages of evolution and in distinct magnetic
environments, thus, enhancing our understanding of the dynamic Sun. Methods: We
adapted Local Correlation Tracking (LCT) to measure horizontal flow fields
based on G-band images obtained with the Solar Optical Telescope on board
Hinode. In total about 200 time-series with a duration between 1-16 h and a
cadence between 15-90 s were analyzed. Selecting both a high-cadence (dt = 15
s) and a long-duration (dT = 16 h) time-series enabled us to optimize and
validate the LCT input parameters, hence, ensuring a robust, reliable, uniform,
and accurate processing of a huge data volume. Results: The LCT algorithm
produces best results for G-band images having a cadence of 60-90 s. If the
cadence is lower, the velocity of slowly moving features will not be reliably
detected. If the cadence is higher, the scene on the Sun will have evolved too
much to bear any resemblance with the earlier situation. Consequently, in both
instances horizontal proper motions are underestimated. The most reliable and
yet detailed flow maps are produced using a Gaussian kernel with a size of 2560
km x 2560 km and a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 1200 km (corresponding
to the size of a typical granule) as sampling window.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy
and Astrophysic
Current direction induced rectification effect on (integer) quantized Hall plateaus
Current polarization induced rectification of the quantized Hall plateaus
(QHPs) is studied within a Hartree type mean field approximation for
asymmetrically depleted samples. We first investigate the existence of the
current carrying incompressible strips (ISs), by solving the self-consistent
equations, and their influence on magneto-transport (MT) properties. Next, the
widths of the ISs are examined in terms of the steepness of the confining
potential profile considering gate defined Hall bars. The corresponding MT
coefficients are calculated using a local Ohm's law for a large fixed current
and are compared for symmetric and asymmetric depleted samples. We predict
that, the extend of the QHPs strongly depend on the current polarization, in
the out of linear response regime, when considering asymmetrically depleted
samples. Our results, concerning the extend of the QHPs depending on the
current polarization are in contrast to the ones of the conventional theories
of the integer quantized Hall effect (IQHE). We propose certain experimental
conditions to test our theoretical predictions at high mobility, narrow
samples.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Re
Realistic modelling of quantum point contacts subject to high magnetic fields and with current bias at out of linear response regime
The electron and current density distributions in the close proximity of
quantum point contacts (QPCs) are investigated. A three dimensional Poisson
equation is solved self-consistently to obtain the electron density and
potential profile in the absence of an external magnetic field for gate and
etching defined devices. We observe the surface charges and their apparent
effect on the confinement potential, when considering the (deeply) etched QPCs.
In the presence of an external magnetic field, we investigate the formation of
the incompressible strips and their influence on the current distribution both
in the linear response and out of linear response regime. A spatial asymmetry
of the current carrying incompressible strips, induced by the large source
drain voltages, is reported for such devices in the non-linear regime.Comment: 16 Pages, 9 Figures, submitted to PR
Global patterns of phosphatase activity in natural soils
Soil phosphatase levels strongly control the biotic pathways of phosphorus (P), an essential element for life, which is often limiting in terrestrial ecosystems. We investigated the influence of climatic and soil traits on phosphatase activity in terrestrial systems using metadata analysis from published studies. This is the first analysis of global measurements of phosphatase in natural soils. Our results suggest that organic P (Porg), rather than available P, is the most important P fraction in predicting phosphatase activity. Structural equation modeling using soil total nitrogen (TN), mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, thermal amplitude and total soil carbon as most available predictor variables explained up to 50% of the spatial variance in phosphatase activity. In this analysis, Porg could not be tested and among the rest of available variables, TN was the most important factor explaining the observed spatial gradients in phosphatase activity. On the other hand, phosphatase activity was also found to be associated with climatic conditions and soil type across different biomes worldwide. The close association among different predictors like Porg, TN and precipitation suggest that P recycling is driven by a broad scale pattern of ecosystem productivity capacity
Agricultural soil organic carbon stocks in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Drivers and spatial variability
Estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks under agriculture, assessing the importance of their drivers and understanding the spatial distribution of SOC stocks are crucial to predicting possible future SOC stocks scenarios under climate change conditions and to designing appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study characterized and modelled SOC stocks at two soil depth intervals, topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), based on both legacy and recent data from 7245 agricultural soil profiles and using environmental drivers (climate, agricultural practices and soil properties) for agricultural soils in Catalonia (NE Spain). Generalized Least Square (GLS) and Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) were used as modelling approaches to: (i) assess the main SOC stock drivers and their effects on SOC stocks; (ii) analyse spatial variability of SOC stocks and their relationships with the main drivers; and (iii) predict and map SOC stocks at the regional scale. While topsoil variation of SOC stocks depended mainly on climate, soil texture and agricultural variables, subsoil SOC stocks changes depended mainly on soil attributes such us soil texture, clay content, soil type or depth to bedrock. The GWR model revealed that the relationship between SOC stocks and drivers varied spatially. Finally, the study was only able to predict and map topsoil SOC stocks at the regional scale, because controlling factors of SOC stocks at the subsoil level were largely unavailable for digital mapping. According to the resulting map, the mean SOC stock value for Catalan agriculture at the topsoil level was 4.88 ± 0.89 kg/m2 and the total magnitude of the carbon pool in agricultural soils of Catalonia up to 30 cm reached 47.9 Tg. The present study findings are useful for defining carbon sequestration strategies at the regional scale related with agricultural land use changes and agricultural management practices in a context of climate change.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Agricultural soil organic carbon stocks in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: Drivers and spatial variability
Estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks under agriculture, assessing the importance of their drivers and understanding the spatial distribution of SOC stocks are crucial to predicting possible future SOC stocks scenarios under climate change conditions and to designing appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study characterized and modelled SOC stocks at two soil depth intervals, topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), based on both legacy and recent data from 7245 agricultural soil profiles and using environmental drivers (climate, agricultural practices and soil properties) for agricultural soils in Catalonia (NE Spain). Generalized Least Square (GLS) and Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) were used as modelling approaches to: (i) assess the main SOC stock drivers and their effects on SOC stocks; (ii) analyse spatial variability of SOC stocks and their relationships with the main drivers; and (iii) predict and map SOC stocks at the regional scale. While topsoil variation of SOC stocks depended mainly on climate, soil texture and agricultural variables, subsoil SOC stocks changes depended mainly on soil attributes such us soil texture, clay content, soil type or depth to bedrock. The GWR model revealed that the relationship between SOC stocks and drivers varied spatially. Finally, the study was only able to predict and map topsoil SOC stocks at the regional scale, because controlling factors of SOC stocks at the subsoil level were largely unavailable for digital mapping. According to the resulting map, the mean SOC stock value for Catalan agriculture at the topsoil level was 4.88 ± 0.89 kg/m2 and the total magnitude of the carbon pool in agricultural soils of Catalonia up to 30 cm reached 47.9 Tg. The present study findings are useful for defining carbon sequestration strategies at the regional scale related with agricultural land use changes and agricultural management practices in a context of climate change
Improved SOT (Hinode mission) high resolution solar imaging observations
We consider the best today available observations of the Sun free of
turbulent Earth atmospheric effects, taken with the Solar Optical Telescope
(SOT) onboard the Hinode spacecraft. Both the instrumental smearing and the
observed stray light are analyzed in order to improve the resolution. The Point
Spread Function (PSF) corresponding to the blue continuum Broadband Filter
Imager (BFI) near 450 nm is deduced by analyzing i/ the limb of the Sun and ii/
images taken during the transit of the planet Venus in 2012. A combination of
Gaussian and Lorentzian functions is selected to construct a PSF in order to
remove both smearing due to the instrumental diffraction effects (PSF core) and
the large-angle stray light due to the spiders and central obscuration (wings
of the PSF) that are responsible for the parasitic stray light. A
Max-likelihood deconvolution procedure based on an optimum number of iterations
is discussed. It is applied to several solar field images, including the
granulation near the limb. The normal non-magnetic granulation is compared to
the abnormal granulation which we call magnetic. A new feature appearing for
the first time at the extreme- limb of the disk (the last 100 km) is discussed
in the context of the definition of the solar edge and of the solar diameter. A
single sunspot is considered in order to illustrate how effectively the
restoration works on the sunspot core. A set of 125 consecutive deconvolved
images is assembled in a 45 min long movie illustrating the complexity of the
dynamical behavior inside and around the sunspot.Comment: 15 pages, 22 figures, 1 movi
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