394 research outputs found
Numerical simulations of the quiet chromosphere
Numerical simulations of the solar chromosphere have become increasingly
realistic over the past 5 years. However, many observed chromospheric
structures and behavior are not reproduced. Current models do not show fibrils
in Ca II 8542, and neither reproduce the Ca II 8542 bisector. The emergent
H-alpha line core intensity computed from the models show granulation instead
of chromospheric shocks or fibrils. I discuss these deficiencies and speculate
about what physics should be included to alleviate these shortcomings.Comment: 6 pages, 2 Figures. To appear in Proceedings of the 25th NSO
Workshop: Chromospheric Structure and Dynamic
Numerical non-LTE 3D radiative transfer using a multigrid method
3D non-LTE radiative transfer problems are computationally demanding, and
this sets limits on the size of the problems that can be solved. So far
Multilevel Accelerated Lambda Iteration (MALI) has been to the method of choice
to perform high-resolution computations in multidimensional problems. The
disadvantage of MALI is that its computing time scales as ,
with the number of grid points. When the grid gets finer, the computational
cost increases quadratically. We aim to develop a 3D non-LTE radiative transfer
code that is more efficient than MALI. We implement a non-linear multigrid,
fast approximation storage scheme, into the existing Multi3D radiative transfer
code. We verify our multigrid implementation by comparing with MALI
computations. We show that multigrid can be employed in realistic problems with
snapshots from 3D radiative-MHD simulations as input atmospheres. With
multigrid, we obtain a factor 3.3-4.5 speedup compared to MALI. With
full-multigrid the speed-up increases to a factor 6. The speedup is expected to
increase for input atmospheres with more grid points and finer grid spacing.
Solving 3D non-LTE radiative transfer problems using non-linear multigrid
methods can be applied to realistic atmospheres with a substantial speed-up.Comment: Accepted for publication by A&
Small-scale structure and dynamics of the lower solar atmosphere
The chromosphere of the quiet Sun is a highly intermittent and dynamic
phenomenon. Three-dimensional radiation (magneto-)hydrodynamic simulations
exhibit a mesh-like pattern of hot shock fronts and cool expanding post-shock
regions in the sub-canopy part of the inter-network. This domain might be
called "fluctosphere". The pattern is produced by propagating shock waves,
which are excited at the top of the convection zone and in the photospheric
overshoot layer. New high-resolution observations reveal a ubiquitous
small-scale pattern of bright structures and dark regions in-between. Although
it qualitatively resembles the picture seen in models, more observations - e.g.
with the future ALMA - are needed for thorough comparisons with present and
future models. Quantitative comparisons demand for synthetic intensity maps and
spectra for the three-dimensional (magneto-)hydrodynamic simulations. The
necessary radiative transfer calculations, which have to take into account
deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium, are computationally very
involved so that no reliable results have been produced so far. Until this task
becomes feasible, we have to rely on careful qualitative comparisons of
simulations and observations. Here we discuss what effects have to be
considered for such a comparison. Nevertheless we are now on the verge of
assembling a comprehensive picture of the solar chromosphere in inter-network
regions as dynamic interplay of shock waves and structuring and guiding
magnetic fields.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the IAU Symposium
No. 247, Waves & Oscillations in the Solar Atmosphere: Heating and
Magneto-Seismology (Venezuela 2007
Solar off-limb emission of the OI 7772 \AA\ line
The aim of this paper is to understand the formation of the OI line at 7772
\AA\ in the solar chromosphere. We used SST/CRISP observations to observe OI
7772 \AA\ in several places around the solar limb. We compared the observations
with synthetic spectra calculated with the RH code in the one-dimension
spherical geometry mode. New accurate hydrogen collisional rates were included
for the RH calculations. The observations reveal a dark gap in the lower
chromosphere, which is caused by variations in the line opacity as shown by our
models. The lower level of the 7772 \AA\ transition is populated by a downward
cascade from the continuum. We study the effect of Lyman- pumping and
hydrogen collisions between the triplet and quintet system in OI. Both have a
small but non-negligible influence on the line intensity.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Detailed and simplified non-equilibrium helium ionization in the solar atmosphere
Helium ionization plays an important role in the energy balance of the upper
chromosphere and transition region. Helium spectral lines are also often used
as diagnostics of these regions. We carry out 1D radiation-hydrodynamics
simulations of the solar atmosphere and find that the helium ionization is
mostly set by photoionization and direct collisional ionization, counteracted
by radiative recombination cascades. By introducing an additional recombination
rate mimicking the recombination cascades, we construct a simplified 3 level
helium model atom consisting of only the ground states. This model atom is
suitable for modeling non-equilibrium helium ionization in 3D numerical models.
We perform a brief investigation of the formation of the He I 10830 and He II
304 spectral lines. Both lines show non-equilibrium features that are not
recovered with statistical equilibrium models, and caution should therefore be
exercised when such models are used as a basis in the interpretation of
observations.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
What do iris observations of Mg II k tell us about the solar plage chromosphere?
We analyze observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph of the
Mg II k line, the Mg II UV subordinate lines, and the O I 135.6 nm line to
better understand the solar plage chromosphere. We also make comparisons with
observations from the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope of the H{\alpha} line, the Ca
II 8542 line, and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly
observations of the coronal 19.3 nm line. To understand the observed Mg II
profiles, we compare these observations to the results of numerical
experiments. The single-peaked or flat-topped Mg II k profiles found in plage
imply a transition region at a high column mass and a hot and dense
chromosphere of about 6500 K. This scenario is supported by the observed
large-scale correlation between moss brightness and filled-in profiles with
very little or absent self-reversal. The large wing width found in plage also
implies a hot and dense chromosphere with a steep chromospheric temperature
rise. The absence of emission in the Mg II subordinate lines constrain the
chromospheric temperature and the height of the temperature rise while the
width of the O I 135.6 nm line sets a limit to the non-thermal velocities to
around 7 km/s
The Formation of IRIS Diagnostics. IX. The Formation of the C I 135.58 Line in the Solar Atmosphere
The C I 135.58 line is located in the wavelength range of NASA's Interface
Region Imagin Spectrograph (IRIS) small explorer mission. We here study the
formation and diagnostic potential of this line by means of non
local-thermodynamic-equilibrium modeling, employing both 1D and 3D
radiation-magnetohydrodynamic models. The C I/C II ionization balance is
strongly influenced by photoionization by Ly-alpha emission. The emission in
the C I 135.58 line is dominated by a recombination cascade and the line
forming region is optically thick. The Doppler shift of the line correlates
strongly with the vertical velocity in its line forming region, which is
typically located at 1.5 Mm height. With IRIS the C I 135.58 line is usually
observed together with the O I 135.56 line, and from the Doppler shift of both
lines, we obtain the velocity difference between the line forming regions of
the two lines. From the ratio of the C I/O I line core intensity, we can
determine the distance between the C I and the O I forming layers. Combined
with the velocity difference, the velocity gradient at mid-chromospheric
heights can be derived. The C I/O I total intensity line ratio is correlated
with the inverse of the electron density in the mid-chromosphere. We conclude
that the C I 135.58 line is an excellent probe of the middle chromosphere by
itself, and together with the O I 135.56 line the two lines provide even more
information, which complements other powerful chromospheric diagnostics of IRIS
such as the Mg II h and k lines and the C II lines around 133.5 nm
Time-dependent hydrogen ionisation in the solar chromosphere. I: Methods and first results
An approximate method for solving the rate equations for the hydrogen
populations was extended and implemented in the three-dimensional radiation
(magneto-)hydrodynamics code CO5BOLD. The method is based on a model atom with
six energy levels and fixed radiative rates. It has been tested extensively in
one-dimensional simulations. The extended method has been used to create a
three-dimensional model that extends from the upper convection zone to the
chromosphere. The ionisation degree of hydrogen in our time-dependent
simulation is comparable to the corresponding equilibrium value up to 500 km
above optical depth unity. Above this height, the non-equilibrium ionisation
degree is fairly constant over time and space, and tends to be at a value set
by hot propagating shock waves. The hydrogen level populations and electron
density are much more constant than the corresponding values for statistical
equilibrium, too. In contrast, the equilibrium ionisation degree varies by more
than 20 orders of magnitude between hot, shocked regions and cool, non-shocked
regions. The simulation shows for the first time in 3D that the chromospheric
hydrogen ionisation degree and electron density cannot be calculated in
equilibrium. Our simulation can provide realistic values of those quantities
for detailed radiative transfer computations.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization in 2D simulations of the solar atmosphere
The ionization of hydrogen in the solar chromosphere and transition region
does not obey LTE or instantaneous statistical equilibrium because the
timescale is long compared with important hydrodynamical timescales, especially
of magneto-acoustic shocks. We implement an algorithm to compute
non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization and its coupling into the MHD equations
within an existing radiation MHD code, and perform a two-dimensional simulation
of the solar atmosphere from the convection zone to the corona. Analysis of the
simulation results and comparison to a companion simulation assuming LTE shows
that: a) Non-equilibrium computation delivers much smaller variations of the
chromospheric hydrogen ionization than for LTE. The ionization is smaller
within shocks but subsequently remains high in the cool intershock phases. As a
result, the chromospheric temperature variations are much larger than for LTE
because in non-equilibrium, hydrogen ionization is a less effective internal
energy buffer. The actual shock temperatures are therefore higher and the
intershock temperatures lower. b) The chromospheric populations of the hydrogen
n = 2 level, which governs the opacity of Halpha, are coupled to the ion
populations. They are set by the high temperature in shocks and subsequently
remain high in the cool intershock phases. c) The temperature structure and the
hydrogen level populations differ much between the chromosphere above
photospheric magnetic elements and above quiet internetwork. d) The hydrogen n
= 2 population and column density are persistently high in dynamic fibrils,
suggesting that these obtain their visibility from being optically thick in
Halpha also at low temperature.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
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