Potenziale der Photogrammetrie bei der Vermessung von Verarbeitungsmaschinen

Um die Prozessstabilität in Verarbeitungsmaschinen auch bei hohen Ausbringungen bewerten und darauf aufbauend sicherstellen zu können ist eine geometrisch-kinematische Analyse des realen Verarbeitungsprozesses notwendig. Dazu wird im Beitrag ein optisches Hochgeschwindigkeits-Mehrkamera-Messsystem vorgestellt, mit dem auch schnelle Prozesse berührungslos analysiert werden können. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch die Zusammenführung von Bewegungsanalyse und Daten aus der Maschinensteuerung der Informationsgehalt und damit auch die Aussagefähigkeit von Messungen deutlich erhöht werden kann. Als Beispielprozess wird der intermittierende Transport kleinformatiger Stückgüter (z.B. Schokoladenriegel) gewählt

Exploring the capacity for anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids by microbes from oil-sands-process-affected waters

Both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and naphthenic acids (NAs) are natural components of fossil fuels, but they are also widespread toxic and environmentally persistent pollutants. They are the major cause of environmental toxicity in oil-sands-process waters (OSPW). This study aimed to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation of the PAHs pyrene and 2-methylnaphthalene, and the NAs adamantane-1-carboxylic acid and a "natural" NA mixture (i.e., acid-extractable NAs from OSPW) under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions by a microbial community derived from an oil sands tailings pond. Using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the rate of biodegradation was measured in relation to changes in bacterial community composition. Only 2-methylnaphthalene was significantly degraded after 260 days, with significantly more degradation under sulfate-reducing (40%) than methanogenic conditions (25%). During 2-methylnaphthalene biodegradation, a major metabolite was produced and tentatively identified as 2-naphthoic acid. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) demonstrated an increase in intensity of bands during the anaerobic biodegradation of 2-methylnaphalene, which derived from species of the genera Fusibacter, Alkaliphilus, Desulfobacterium, Variovorax, Thaurea, and Hydrogenophaga. Despite the biodegradation of 2-methylnaphthalene, this study demonstrates that, under anaerobic conditions, NAs and high-molecular-weight PAHs are the predominant molecules likely to persist in OSPW. Therefore alternative remediation strategies are required

Anwendung prozessorientierter und taktratenabhängiger Bewegungen in Verarbeitungsmaschinen

Dieser Beitrag stellt einen Ansatz zur Steigerung der Ausbringung von Verarbeitungsmaschinen vor, der besonders bei der Umsetzung von Handhabungsaufgaben mittels dezentraler Antriebe wirkungsvoll angewandt werden kann. Ausgehend von einer Analyse bisheriger Ausbringungsbegrenzungen wird ein Konzept vorgestellt, welches Prozessmodelle, deren Nutzung in Bewegungsoptimierungen und die Abarbeitung mit Motion-Control-Systemen beinhaltet. Experimentelle Nachweise an Beispielprozessen, die den Erfolg des beschriebenen Ansatzes zeigen sowie weiterführende Gedanken bilden den Abschluss des Beitrages

Detoxification of oil refining effluents by oxidation of naphthenic acids using TAML catalysts

The environmental problem stemming from toxic and recalcitrant naphthenic acids (NAs) present in effluents from the oil industry is well characterized. However, despite the numerous technologies evaluated for their destruction, their up-scaling potential remains low due to high implementation and running costs. Catalysts can help cutting costs by achieving more efficient reactions with shorter operating times and lower reagent requirements. Therefore, we have performed a laboratory investigation to assess iron-TAML (tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand) activators to catalyze the oxidation of NAs by activating hydrogen peroxide — considered environmentally friendly because it releases only water as by-product — under ultra-dilute conditions. We tested Fe-TAML/H2O2 systems on (i) model NAs and (ii) a complex mixture of NAs in oil refining wastewater (RWW) obtained from a refining site in Colombia. Given the need for cost-effective solutions, this preliminary study explores sub-stoichiometric H2O2 concentrations for NA mineralization in batch mode and, remarkably, delivers substantial removal of the starting NAs. Additionally, a 72-h semi-batch process in which Fe-TAML activators and hydrogen peroxide were added every 8 h achieved 90–95% removal when applied to model NAs (50 mg L−1) and a 4-fold reduction in toxicity towards Aliivibrio fischeri when applied to RWW. Chemical characterization of treated RWW showed that Fe-TAML/H2O2 treatment (i) reduced the concentration of the highly toxic O2 NAs, (ii) decreased cyclized constituents in the mixture, and (iii) preferentially degraded higher molecular weight species that are typically resistant to biodegradation. The experimental findings, together with the recent development of new TAML catalysts that are far more effective than the TAML catalysts deployed herein, constitute a foundation for cost-effective treatment of NA-contaminated wastewater.COLCIENCIAS (National Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation of Colombia)

Dinamika permesinan

436 p.; 22 cm