Неинвазивные методы изучения коллекторских свойств ископаемых углей

Розглянуті фізичні неінвазивні методи дослідження, які дозволяють отримати уявлення про такі властивості вугільної речовини як повна пористість, питома поверхня, розподіл пір по розмірах та ін., що дають уявлення про колекторні властивості вугільних пластів. Отримані характеристики структури порового простору, що визначають транспортні властивості флюїдів.Physical noninvasion methods of studies are considered, which allow characterizing such properties of coal as total porosity, specific surface, size distribution of pores and etc., demonstrating the reservoir features of coal beds. The description of pore space structure, determining transport properties of fluids, is presented

Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children

© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CCBY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother–child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24–52 years of age), and 1689 children (5–12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011–2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1–28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18–86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1–13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9–12 years had 7% (95% CI 1–13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5–8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear.Financially supported by the 7th EU framework programe(DGResearch – No. 244237-COPHES),LIFE+ 2009(DG Environment – LIFE09ENV/BE000410-DEMOCOPHES),with addi- tional co-funding from DEMOCOPHES partners

Die Diatomeen der Laptevsee (Arktischer Ozean): Taxonomie, biogeographische Verbreitung und ozeanographische Bedeutung

Diatom assemblages and their distribution patterns in the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean) were studied on the basis of sediment and plankton samples. A total of 345 taxa from 56 genera were identified of which 78 taxa have their biogeographic distribution in polar and subpolar waters exclusively. The most diverse genera are Navicula (72 taxa), Pinnularia (27 taxa). Nit:.schia (21 taxa). Cymbella (20 taxa), Eunotia (20 taxa), Fragilaria (20 taxa), and Achnanthes (16 taxa). However. sediment and plankton assemblages are predominated by few species from the genera Aulacoseira. Chaetoceros. Fossula. Fragilariopsis, Nit::.schia and Thalassiosira. Occurrence and distribution of diatom plankton communities are mainly influenced by three environmental conditions: ( 1) by the sea ice cover from November up to May/June. which favors the predominance of ice algae (Fossula arctica, Fragilariopsis spp.) and sub-ice diatoms (Melosira spp., Thalassiosira spp.) in the sea ice and at the ice edge, (2) by the summerly river water input which leads to reduced salinities in the south-eastern and eastern regions of the Laptev Sea. with freshwater­brackish species (Aulacoseira spp Stephanodiscus spp.) and brackish-marine species (Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira hyperborea) being dominant in the plankton, and (3) by the ice-free summer conditions with marine-neritic species of the genera Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira and Melosira pre­dominating the plankton communities in off-shore shelf waters. A factor analysis of 89 sediment samples with 26 species and species groups results in five factors (diatom sediment assemblages) explaining 87 .8% of the total variance and reflecting the conditions of the plankton communities. These five sediment assemblages are (1) the ice algae assemblage, (2) the Thalassiosira antarctica assemblage, (3) the Chaetoceros assemblage. (...J.) the freshwater diatoms assemblage and (5) the Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii assemblage. Based on the geographic signifi­cance of these five sediment assemblages the Laptev Sea can be subdivided into four diatom provin­ces: the Lena delta and river mouths province (freshwater diatoms assemblage), the south-eastern and eastern shelf province (Chaetoceros assemblage), the central and north-eastern shelf province (ice algae and Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii assemblages) and the continental slope province (Thalas­siosira antarctica assemblage). While sinking, the plankton communities are altered by opal dissolution and lateral advection. Both processes strongly determine the species composition in the sediments of the Laptev Sea. Espe­cially the abundance of thin and delicate diatom frustules and of very small diatoms is reduced by opal dissolution. For example, vegetative frustules of Chaetoceros and Bacteriosira do not occur in sediment samples just like valves of the very small genus Minidiscus. The Thalassiosira antarctica assemblage is mainly predominated by robust and strongly silicified species with a high resistance against dissolution (Thalassiosira antarctica resting spores, Paralia sulcata. Aulacoseira spp.). Within two sediment cores, which were both recovered in the eastern part of the Laptev Sea the preservation of diatoms is varying. In core PM9462-4 ( 463 cm. 0 - 7.4 lO BP) the Chaetoceros as­semblage changes into an assemblage influenced by opal dissolution at a core depth of 18 cm with predominating strongly silicified taxa. Occurrence and preservation of diatom frustules in this core is very poor. Core IK9373- l O however is characterized by a weil preserved Chaetoceros-Thalas­siosira hyperborea assemblage throughout the profile which indicates consistent environmental con­ditions (reduced salinities) in the south-eastem and eastern Laptev Sea shelf during the past 2.300 years

Spicule Pseudomorphs in Upper Triassic (Norian) Chaetetid Sponges from the Western Taurids (Antalya-Region, SW Turkey) - Spicules pseudomorphes chez des éponges chaetétides du Trias Supérieur(Norien) des Taurides Occidentales (Région d'Antalya, Turquie)

Four spicule-bearing chaetetid sponges are described from Upper Triassic (Norian) reef carbonates of the WesternTaurids (Antalya-Region, SW Turkey): Atrochaetetes alakirensisCuif & Fischer, Blastochaetetes dolomiticusBizzarini & Braga, Ptychochaetetes sp. and ?Bauneia sp.. Spicules are preserved as calcitic pseudomorphs. They are either short and thick or long and slender, corresponding to typical styles; oxes are rarely present in Atrochaetetes alakirensis. The styles are mainly embedded in the secondary rigid skeleton, but their rounded ends appear to be attached to the primary wall. In Blastochaetetes dolomiticus and ?Bauneia sp. styles are also embedded in the primary wall. A comparison of these spicule-skeletons with those of other chaetetids, especially Paleozoic species, confirms the polyphyletic origin of the Taxon Chaetetida