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Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children
Authors
Dominique Aerts
Jürgen Angerer
+51 more
Marika Berglund
Pierre Biot
Luies Blumen
Argelia Castaño
Ludwine Casteleyn
Ana Cañas
Milena Cerna
Pierre Crettaz
Koen De Cremer
Elly Den Hond
Marta Esteban
Karen Exley
Janne FangelJensen
Marc E. Fischer
Eva Govarts
Margaretha Grandér
Chris Griffin
Anca E. Gurzau
Arno C. Gutleb
Adamos Hadjipanayis
Katarina Halzlova
Milena Horvat
Michal Jajcaj
Marek Jakubowski
Anke Joas
Reinhard Joas
Andromachi Katsonouri
Lisbeth E. Knudsen
Holger M. Koch
Marike Kolossa-Gehring
Szilvia Kozepesy
Andrea Krskova
Kristin Larsson
Andrea Lehmann
Danuta Ligocka
Ana Lopez
Ioana-Rodica Lupsa
Darja Mazej
Thit A. Mørck
Sónia Namorado
Ian Nesbitt
Jeanette K. S. Nielsen
M. Fátima Reis
Peter Rudnai
Birgit K. Schindler
Greet Schoeters
Gerda Schwedler
Ovnair Sepai
Roel Smolders
Janja Snoj Tratnik
Ilse Van Overmeire
Publication date
1 January 2014
Publisher
'Elsevier BV'
Doi
Abstract
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CCBY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother–child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24–52 years of age), and 1689 children (5–12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011–2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1–28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18–86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1–13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9–12 years had 7% (95% CI 1–13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5–8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear.Financially supported by the 7th EU framework programe(DGResearch – No. 244237-COPHES),LIFE+ 2009(DG Environment – LIFE09ENV/BE000410-DEMOCOPHES),with addi- tional co-funding from DEMOCOPHES partners
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