Formaciones edáficas del tramo alto de la cuenca del río Lillas

En la cuenca del río Lillas podemos encontrar junto a suelos propios de áreas de montaña como regosoles y leptosoles, otros comunes en los valles fluviales: los fluvisoles. Los suelos se desarrollan a partir de materiales metamórficos: esquistos, pizarras y cuarcitas —siendo el material fluvial de la misma naturaleza—, bajo una vegetación de pastizal y melojar, en ocasiones sustituido por brezales y jarales. La presencia de permafrost y las subidas de la capa freática limitan el desarrollo de los suelos por lo que se hace muy recomendable su protección.The study about formation of unstable soils, formed from metamorphics rocks (slates, schists, quartzites) has been described in the bowl of Riaza river. The best represented groups of soils are: Leptosols, Regosols and Fluvisols. These soils are really limited and it is higly recomendable to protect them, specially the Fluvisols in recreative zone

Formaciones edáficas del tramo alto de la cuenca del río Riaza

The study about formation of unstable soils that has been developed in a low grade, formed from metamorphics rocks (slates, schists, quartzites) under beechs, oaks, heathers and meadows, in a warm-cold weather, with rains over 1.000 mm, in many diferents slopes, and between 1.300 m and 1.700 m. of highness. The best represented groups of soils are: Leptosols, Regosols, Podzols and Cambisols; with acid pH and, normally, unsatured. In these soils the main changeable cations are Ca2+ and Mg2+; they have sandly textures and high contents in organic matter. These soils are really limited,, it is higly recommendable to protect them.Se estudia la formación de suelos muy inestables, poco desarrollados, derivados de las rocas metamórficas de bajo grado (pizarras, esquistos y cuarcitas) bajo una vegetación de hayedo, melojar, brezal y pradera, y un clima templado frío, con precipitaciones que sobrepasan los 1.000 mm. En pendientes muy variables desde los 1.300 metros hasta los 1.700 metros de altitud. Los grupos de suelos mejor representados son: Leptosoles, Regosoles, Podsoles y Cambisoles, de naturaleza ácida, generalmente desaturados y con Ca2+ y Mg2+ como cationes de cambio mayoritarios, bastante arenosos y ricos en materia orgánica. Estos suelos presentan severas limitaciones por lo que es conveniente su protección

Variational Principle underlying Scale Invariant Social Systems

MaxEnt's variational principle, in conjunction with Shannon's logarithmic information measure, yields only exponential functional forms in straightforward fashion. In this communication we show how to overcome this limitation via the incorporation, into the variational process, of suitable dynamical information. As a consequence, we are able to formulate a somewhat generalized Shannonian Maximum Entropy approach which provides a unifying "thermodynamic-like" explanation for the scale-invariant phenomena observed in social contexts, as city-population distributions. We confirm the MaxEnt predictions by means of numerical experiments with random walkers, and compare them with some empirical data

Unravelling the size distribution of social groups with information theory on complex networks

The minimization of Fisher's information (MFI) approach of Frieden et al. [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 60} 48 (1999)] is applied to the study of size distributions in social groups on the basis of a recently established analogy between scale invariant systems and classical gases [arXiv:0908.0504]. Going beyond the ideal gas scenario is seen to be tantamount to simulating the interactions taking place in a network's competitive cluster growth process. We find a scaling rule that allows to classify the final cluster-size distributions using only one parameter that we call the competitiveness. Empirical city-size distributions and electoral results can be thus reproduced and classified according to this competitiveness, which also allows to correctly predict well-established assessments such as the "six-degrees of separation", which is shown here to be a direct consequence of the maximum number of stable social relationships that one person can maintain, known as Dunbar's number. Finally, we show that scaled city-size distributions of large countries follow the same universal distribution

EL PAPEL DE LOS TOMILLARES (THYMUS VULGARIS L.) EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA EROSIÓN DEL SUELO

The role of Thymus vulgaris formations in the control of erosion problem, in the arroyo de la Vega basin, is the main objectives of this paper. The main representative soil units are: fluvisols, calcisols, regosols, leptosols, gypsisols and cambisols, all developed from miocenic materials. This area is catalogued by local authorities (Comunidad de Madrid), as Significative Erosion Area because there exist an active process of soil erosion. Six plot has been selected according to their environmental and spatial representative and slope degree. In each plot the following data were achieved: abundance/dominant index of every vegetal community, plant cover, number of species, number of individuals of each specie and biomass. In order to evaluate the behaviour of soil against erosion the following features were studied: texture, pH, electrical conductivity, water storage capacity, porosity, density, bulk density, organic carbon, total nitrogen, equivalent calcium carbonate and calcium carbonate extractable in ammonia oxalate. Rainfall test were performed in each plot using a portable rainfall simulator; runoff and sediment yield-out data were obtained. Plots with low biomass show a high runoff and soil losses mean while plots with a high biomass, vegetal diversity and high value of surface stoniness show lower values of runoff and sediment yield-out.Se estudia la influencia de los tomillos vulgares

Structure and thermodynamics of multi-component/multi-Yukawa mixtures

New small angle scattering experiments reveal new peaks in colloidal systems (S.H. Chen et al) in the structure function S(k), in a region that was inaccessible with older instruments. We propose here general closure of the Ornstein Zernike equation, that is the sum of an arbitrary number of yukawas, and that that will go well beyond the MSA . For this closure we get for the Laplace transform of the pair correlation function . This function is easily transformed into S(k) by replacing the Laplace variable by the Fourier wariable. Although the method is general and valid for polydisperse systems, an explicit continued fraction solution is found for the monodisperse case.Comment: 16 page

Measurement of the Bs0→J/ψηB_{s}^{0} \rightarrow J/\psi \eta lifetime

Using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3 fb^{-1}$, collected by the LHCb experiment in $pp$ collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, the effective lifetime in the $B^0_s \rightarrow J/\psi \eta$ decay mode, $\tau_{\textrm{eff}}$, is measured to be $\tau_{\textrm{eff}} = 1.479 \pm 0.034~\textrm{(stat)} \pm 0.011 ~\textrm{(syst)}$ ps. Assuming $CP$ conservation, $\tau_{\textrm{eff}}$ corresponds to the lifetime of the light $B_s^0$ mass eigenstate. This is the first measurement of the effective lifetime in this decay mode.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2016-017.htm

Model-independent evidence for J/ψpJ/\psi p contributions to Λb0→J/ψpK−\Lambda_b^0\to J/\psi p K^- decays

The data sample of $\Lambda_b^0\to J/\psi p K^-$ decays acquired with the LHCb detector from 7 and 8~TeV $pp$ collisions, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{-1}$, is inspected for the presence of $J/\psi p$ or $J/\psi K^-$ contributions with minimal assumptions about $K^- p$ contributions. It is demonstrated at more than 9 standard deviations that $\Lambda_b^0\to J/\psi p K^-$ decays cannot be described with $K^- p$ contributions alone, and that $J/\psi p$ contributions play a dominant role in this incompatibility. These model-independent results support the previously obtained model-dependent evidence for $P_c^+\to J/\psi p$ charmonium-pentaquark states in the same data sample.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figures (including the supplemental section added at the end

Amplitude analysis of B+→J/ψϕK+B^+\to J/\psi \phi K^+ decays

The first full amplitude analysis of $B^+\to J/\psi \phi K^+$ with $J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-$, $\phi\to K^+K^-$ decays is performed with a data sample of 3 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data collected at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and $8$ TeV with the LHCb detector. The data cannot be described by a model that contains only excited kaon states decaying into $\phi K^+$, and four $J/\psi\phi$ structures are observed, each with significance over $5$ standard deviations. The quantum numbers of these structures are determined with significance of at least $4$ standard deviations. The lightest has mass consistent with, but width much larger than, previous measurements of the claimed $X(4140)$ state. The model includes significant contributions from a number of expected kaon excitations, including the first observation of the $K^{*}(1680)^+\to\phi K^+$ transition.Comment: 62 pages 26 figure