Sowing of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in the humid tropical climate of Tabasco, México

Objective: The objective was to evaluate Stevia rebaudiana in climatic conditions in the state of Tabasco, México. Design/methodology/approach: Plants of stevia were sowings in three times consecutive for one year, this were progressively adapting the management and establishment of the crop according to the results obtained in the previous seeding. The percentage of survival was calculated at 15 days ddt. Plant height was measured at 60 days and the problems observed in each cycle were documented. Climatic variables were recorded. Results: As a result, it was discovered that sowing December (2019) there were bending problems, soil splashing on the leaves and foliar fungal diseases, with 71 % of plant survival. In the sowing of April (2020), there was 40 % of plant survival, plants generalized chlorosis and no growth caused by excessive solar radiation; finally, in August (2020), 89 % of plant survival with height of 20.55 cm average. Limitations on study/implications: A limiting factor for achieve this research was the rainfall that caused flooding in June and October 2020; is necessary finish the crop to know the quality of the harvest by determining steviosides content. Findings/conclusions: In conclusion, the cultivation of stevia can be cultivated in the climatic conditions of Tabasco, if rainy seasons and high temperatures are avoided during the first stage of cultivation; water is a limiting factor that causes phytopathological problems and the death of the plant.Objective: To evaluate Stevia rebaudiana under the climatic conditions of the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three consecutive sowings of stevia plants were carried out for one year, progressively adapting the management and crop establishment according to the results obtained in the previous sowing. The survival percentage at 15 days after transplantation (dat) was calculated. Plant height was measured at 60 days and limitations observed in each crop cycle were recorded, as well as climatic variables. Results: bending problems, soil splashing on the leaves, and foliar fungal diseases were recorded during the December 2019 sowing; however, 71% of the plants survived the transplant. In the April 2020 sowing, 40% of the plants survived the transplant; nevertheless, the plants showed generalized chlorosis and lack of growth, as a consequence of excessive solar radiation. Finally, in August 2020, the survival rate reached 89% and an average plant height of 20.55 cm was recorded. Study Limitations/Implications: the rainfall that caused flooding in June and October 2020 limited the development of this research. Likewise, to determine the steviosides content and establish the quality of the harvest, the cultivation cycle must conclude. Findings/Conclusions: Stevia can be grown in the climatic conditions of Tabasco, as long as the rainy seasons and high temperatures are avoided during the first stage of cultivation. Water is a limiting factor that causes phytopathological problems and the death of the plant

Políticas públicas para el desarrollo y la competitividad en la industria manufacturera

Las pequeñas y medianas empresas generan gran parte de los empleos en los países industrializados, sin embargo, la mayoría de los gobiernos muestran una gran falta de atención a las mismas, por considerarlas actividades poco importantes o de escaso aporte a sus economías. En México apenas se está iniciando el debate entre gobernantes, políticos y grandes empresarios, sobre la función de las pymes. Entre las cuestiones principales que se discuten están: ¿cuál es la importancia real de su contribución al crecimiento eocnómico de estos países?, ¿son un motor clave en la creación de empleos para las economías nacionales

Nanopigmented Acrylic Resin Cured Indistinctively by Water Bath or Microwave Energy for Dentures

The highlight of this study was the synthesis of nanopigmented poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles that were further processed using a water bath and/or microwave energy for dentures. The experimental acrylic resins were physicochemically characterized, and the adherence of Candida albicans and biocompatibility were assessed. A nanopigmented acrylic resin cured by a water bath or by microwave energy was obtained. The acrylic specimens possess similar properties to commercial acrylic resins, but the transverse strength and porosity were slightly improved. The acrylic resins cured with microwave energy exhibited reduced C. albicans adherence. These results demonstrate an improved noncytotoxic material for the manufacturing of denture bases in dentistry

Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from different clones and regions in Mexico have a similar plasmid carrying the blaOXA-72 gene

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a common hospital-acquired pathogen. The increase in antibiotic resistance is commonly due to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements carrying antibiotic resistance genes. To comprehend this, we analyzed the resistome and virulome of Mexican A. baumannii multidrug-resistant isolates.MethodsSix clinical strains of A. baumannii from three Mexican hospitals were sequenced using the Illumina platform, the genomes were assembled with SPAdes and annotated with Prokka. Plasmid SPAdes and MobRecon were used to identify the potential plasmid sequences. Sequence Type (ST) assignation under the MLST Oxford scheme was performed using the PubMLST database. Homologous gene search for known virulent factors was performed using the virulence factor database VFDB and an in silico prediction of the resistome was conducted via the ResFinder databases.ResultsThe six strains studied belong to different STs and clonal complexes (CC): two strains were ST208 and one was ST369; these two STs belong to the same lineage CC92, which is part of the international clone (IC) 2. Another two strains were ST758 and one was ST1054, both STs belonging to the same lineage CC636, which is within IC5. The resistome analysis of the six strains identified between 7 to 14 antibiotic resistance genes to different families of drugs, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. We detected between 1 to 4 plasmids per strain with sizes from 1,800 bp to 111,044 bp. Two strains from hospitals in Mexico City and Guadalajara had a plasmid each of 10,012 bp pAba78r and pAba79f, respectively, which contained the blaOXA-72 gene. The structure of this plasmid showed the same 13 genes in both strains, but 4 of them were inverted in one of the strains. Finally, the six strains contain 49 identical virulence genes related to immune response evasion, quorum-sensing, and secretion systems, among others.ConclusionResistance to carbapenems due to pAba78r and pAba79f plasmids in Aba pandrug-resistant strains from different geographic areas of Mexico and different clones was detected. Our results provide further evidence that plasmids are highly relevant for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between different clones of A. baumannii

The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture

In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.We would like to thank the curators of the numerous fungaria and Biological Resource Centres cited in this paper, for making specimens and cultures available for examination over the past 15 yr, without which this study would not have been possible. Part of this work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011. Artur Alves and Alan Phillips were supported by the programme Ciência 2008, co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007–2013) and the European Social Fund (EU).publishe

Efecto de extractos de Allium sativum y Verbesina persicifolia en el desarrollo de Collectotrichum gloesporioides aislados de Mango (Mangífera indica L.) y de Jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum).

Tanto el mango, como el jitomate, ocupan un lugar importante en el comercio internacional, pues son ingredientes indispensables en la dieta humana, sin embargo, también son suceptibles al deterioro postcosecha. Dentro de las enfermedades fungosas se encuentra la antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, en mango la antracnosis se caracteriza por la formación de manchas oscuras, mientras que, en jitomate, aparecen lesiones hundidas de color negro y con micelio blanco. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue determinar el efecto de extractos de Allium sativum y Verbesina persicifolia, en el desarrollo de cepas de C. gloesporioides aisladas de mango y jitomate

Capacidad de sobrevivencia de tres especies de "Phytophthora" y dos de "Pythium" preservados en dos sustratos a corto y largo plazo

The maintenance and viability of microorganisms preserved in the collections is a common problem in laboratory diagnosis of plant diseases and research institutions, and even in those where they include species of the genera Phytophthora and Pythium and in which cryopreservation is not an option. The oomycetes conservation in sterile water is an economic and reliable method. They have been reported retention periods up to 23 years for species of Phytophthora. In this work were evaluated the ability to survival and viability of Phytophthora and Pythium species kept in soil for periods of three to seven years in sterile water for periods of 6 to 21 years. Viability was confirmed by plating on medium cornmeal-agar culture medium supplemented with antibiotics. None of the oomycetes survived preserved in soil conservation during periods while in sterile water conservation remained viable Phytophthora species for up to 21 years and Pythium for 7 years. Keywords: antibiotics; corn-agar; cryopreservation; microorganisms; oomicetosEl mantenimiento y viabilidad de microorganismos preservados en las colecciones es un problema común en laboratorios de diagnóstico de enfermedades de las plantas e instituciones de investigación, y más aún, en aquellas en donde se incluyen a especies de los géneros Phytophthora y Pythium y en el que la criopreservación no es una opción. La conservación de oomicetos en agua estéril es un método económico y confiable. Se han reportado periodos de conservación de hasta 23 años para especies de Phytophthora. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de sobrevivencia y viabilidad de especies de Phytophthora y Pythium mantenidos en suelo por periodos de 3 a 7 años y en agua estéril por periodos de 6 a 21 años. La viabilidad se confirmó mediante siembra en medio de cultivo harina de maíz-agar suplementado con antibióticos. Ninguno de los oomicetos conservados en suelo sobrevivió durante los periodos de conservación mientras que la conservación en agua estéril mantuvo viables a especies de Phytophthora por periodos de hasta 21 años y de Pythium por 7 años. Palabras clave: antibióticos; criopreservación; maíz-agar; microorganismos; oomiceto

Frecuencia de micosis en pacientes inmunosuprimidos de un hospital regional de la Ciudad de México Frequency of mycoses in immunosuppressed patients in a regional hospital in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Aislar e identificar hongos en diferentes especímenes de pacientes inmunocomprometidos, atendidos en un hospital de la Ciudad de México, y determinar su asociación con micosis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional transversal en pacientes del Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza, de junio de 1999 a mayo de 2000. De 108 pacientes se procesaron 268 especímenes para estudio micológico que incluyó examen directo, frotis, cultivos y microcultivos en medios específicos además de pruebas bioquímicas. La mayoría de pacientes tenía diagnóstico clínico de tuberculosis pulmonar y de síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 183 aislamientos de levaduras y 66 de hongos filamentosos. Se diagnosticaron 45 micosis que en su mayoría correspondieron a candidosis pulmonar (32 casos). Las especies de Candida más frecuentes asociadas a patología fueron Candida albicans y C parapsilosis. Se obtuvieron cinco aislamientos de Cryptococcus neoformans variedad neoformans, uno de C albidus, tres de Histoplasma capsulatum y uno de Geotrichum candidum, asociados a infección micótica. CONCLUSIONES: El 41.6% de los pacientes estudiados presentaron una micosis asociada principalmente a síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y a tuberculosis pulmonar.OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify the fungi in specimens collected from immunocompromised patients seen in Mexico City hospital, and to assess their association with mycosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 268 specimens from 108 patients were processed for mycological study, including direct examination, smears, cultures, and microcultures in specific media, in addition to biochemical tests. Most of the patients had been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three yeasts and 66 mycelial fungi were isolated. Forty-five mycoses were diagnosed; the most frequent mycosis was pulmonary candidosis (32 cases). Candida albicans and C parapsilosis were the predominant species associated with mycotic infection. Five Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, one C albidus, three Histoplasma capsulatum and one Geotrichum candidum isolats were associated with mycosis. CONCLUSIONS: Of the studied patients, 41.6% showed a mycotic infection, principally associated with AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis