85 research outputs found

    Beziehungen zwischen Diesseits und Jenseits: Vom Sozialcharakter des Todes in religiös-kulturellen Traditionen und der Moderne

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    In den religiösen Traditionen ist der Tod ein Übergangsphänomen: Nicht Leben und Tod stehen sich gegenüber, sondern Geburt und Tod. Das Leben geht auch nach dem Tod weiter. Die verschiedenen Jenseitsvorstellungen machen deutlich, dass Menschen zwar das Schicksal der Sterblichkeit teilen, der Tod aber durchaus nicht alle Menschen gleich macht. Die Art des Weiterlebens ist von unterschiedlichen Faktoren abhängig. Auch die sozialen Beziehungen werden durch den Tod nicht zwangsläufig beendet. Diesseits und Jenseits sind nicht durch starre Grenzen vonei-nander getrennt, sondern durch rituelle und spirituelle Beziehungsnetze miteinan-der verbunden. Die facettenreiche Totensorge bildet einen wesentlichen Bereich der religiösen Traditionen und ist auch in der Moderne zumindest noch in Relikten anzutreffen

    Hindu-Traditionen und Frauenemanzipation

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    "Im Lauf des 20. Jahrhunderts haben Frauen in verschiedenen Religionen ein feministisches Bewusstsein entwickelt und die normativen Geschlechterrollen ihrer jeweiligen Tradition infrage gestellt. Um herauszufinden, ob auch im modernen Hinduismus eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den traditionellen Vorstellungen von Weiblichkeit stattfindet und Möglichkeiten für eine Frauenemanzipation vorhanden sind, werden Status, Bilder, Rollen und Selbstverständnis von Frauen in zwei modernen hinduistischen Bewegungen exemplarisch erörtert. Als Referenzrahmen für die Interpretation dienen die vorherrschende traditionelle brahmanisch-hinduistische Weiblichkeitskonzeption sowie die Perspektiven der indischen Frauenbewegung." (Autorenreferat)"In the course of the 20th century women of different religious affiliations have developed a feminist consciousness and have called into question the normative gender roles of their traditions. With the intention of discovering critical reflection approaches to traditional concepts of femininity, and the potential for women's emancipation in modern Hinduism, the status, images, roles, and self-understanding of women in two modern Hindu movements are analyzed. The dominant Brahmanical conception of femininity and the perspectives of the Indian women's movement serve an interpretative reference frame." (author's abstract

    Jenseitsreisen und Grenz-(überschreitende) Erfahrungen in Todesnähe: Systematisch-religionswissenschaftliche Zugangsperspektiven

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    Ein Grund für das große öffentliche Interesse an ›Nahtoderfahrungen‹ (NTE) liegt im Wandel von traditionellen Jenseitsvorstellungen in der westlichen (Post-)Moderne. Auf der Suche nach Ersatz interessieren sich viele Menschen für NTE und deren Bedeutung für ein mögliches Weiterleben nach dem Tod. Angesichts der Fülle religiöser Vorstellungen vom Leben danach, stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern NTE davon geprägt sind. Der systematisch-religionswissenschaftliche Zugang zu NTE besteht hauptsächlich in der Kontextualisierung dieses Phänomens in der Religionsgeschichte mit dem Ziel, gemeinsame Motive, Strukturen und Vorstellungsmuster sichtbar zu machen. Obwohl der Begriff Nahtoderlebnis erst im 19. Jahrhundert geprägt wurde, ist das damit bezeichnete Phänomen eingebunden in die inhaltlichen Motive, Symbole und Denkstrukturen der religiös-kulturellen Traditionen, die sich auf Tod und Jenseits beziehen. Zu den Aspekten traditioneller Jenseitskonzeptionen, die im Zusammenhang mit den NTE behandelt werden, gehören Vorstellungen vom Jenseits als einem Zustand mit raumzeitlicher Struktur, das Motiv der Jenseitsreise mit Rückkehr ins Diesseits, das Totengericht und damit einhergehende negative Jenseitszustände, das Problem von Identität und Ich-Kontinuität im Jenseits. Auch aus der Frage nach den Funktionen (sozial, psychisch, pädagogisch u.a.) von Jenseitsreisen und NTE ergeben sich Gemeinsamkeiten. In der Erforschung dieser Phänomene, die man als visionäres Erleben bezeichnen kann, hängen die Auffassungen über ihren Realitätsgehalt von der prinzipiellen Einschätzung von menschlicher Erfahrung und insbesondere außergewöhnlichen Bewusstseinszuständen im jeweiligen wissenschaftlichen Paradigma ab.One reason for the growing public interest in ›Near-Death Experiences‹ (NDE) can be found in the changing of people’s conceptions of the afterlife in our (post-)modern Western societies. In search of a substitute, many people are interested in NDEs and their significance for a possible afterlife. Considering the cornucopia of religious conceptions of the afterlife, the question arises of how NDE are impacted by them or draw on them. The approach of religious studies consists mainly in the contextualization of this phenomenon in religious history, with the goal of making the shared motives, structures, and patterns of these conceptions visible, despite their specific cultural-religious aspects. Even though the term ›Near-Death Experience‹ has only been coined in the 19th century, the phenomenon itself is embedded in the motives, symbols and thought patterns of religious-cultural traditions of death and afterlife. Among the aspects of traditional conceptions of the afterlife relating to NDE are: imagining the afterlife as a state or space with spatial-temporal structures; the popular theme of the otherworld journey and returning to one’s life on earth; the judgment of the dead and negative conceptions of the afterlife related to it; and the issue of identity and continuity of the self in the afterlife. Similarities can also be found in the question of the functions (social, psychological, pedagogical) of otherworld journeys and NDE. When doing research on these phenomena, which can be termed as ›visionary experiences‹, the extent to which these experiences are ›real‹ depends on the general underlying assessment of the extents and limits of human experience, particularly regarding extraordinary states of consciousness, of the respective scientific paradigm

    Religion

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    Geschlecht und Religion sind eng miteinander verwoben: Religiöse Traditionen, Anschauungen, Symbole und Praktiken sind nicht nur geschlechtsspezifisch geprägt, sondern Geschlechterrollen, Stereotype und Ideale können religiös untermauert und sanktioniert werden. Religion spielt eine Schlüsselrolle für die Legitimation gesellschaftlicher Ordnung, insbesondere von Geschlechterordnungen. Mittels Religion können sowohl Ungleichheiten im Geschlechterverhältnis legitimiert als auch Impulse zur Gleichstellung gegeben werden

    The continuity of separation. Preparatory classes for recently immigrated children and youth in the context of historical forms of segregated schooling

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    Der Beitrag zeigt aus organisationstheoretischer Perspektive die historischen Kontinuitäten der separierten Beschulung von migrantischen Kindern in Berlin auf. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer 2016 durchgeführten Untersuchung an Berliner Grundschulen wird rekonstruiert, wie im Falle der Willkommensklassen ein Mangel an Regeln zu einer Entwicklung von Routinen führt, die sich weitgehend auf historische Verfahrensweisen stützen und mit historisch bekannten Begründungen legitimiert werden. (DIPF/Orig.)Arguing from a perspective of organizational theory this article shows historical continuities of segregated schooling of migrant children in Berlin. Based on results of a study conducted at Berlin primary schools it is shown how the lack of regulations for Willkommensklassen ["Welcoming Classes"] leads to the development of routines, which mainly rely on historical procedures and are legitimized with historically known legitimations. (DIPF/Orig.

    Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Verification of Electroporation-Based Treatments

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    Clinical electroporation (EP) is a rapidly advancing treatment modality that uses electric pulses to introduce drugs or genes into, e.g., cancer cells. The indication of successful EP is an instant plasma membrane permeabilization in the treated tissue. A noninvasive means of monitoring such a tissue reaction represents a great clinical benefit since, in case of target miss, retreatment can be performed immediately. We propose diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) as a method to monitor EP tissue, using the concept of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). We hypothesize that the plasma membrane permeabilization induced by EP changes the ADC, suggesting that DW-MRI constitutes a noninvasive and quick means of EP verification. In this study we performed in vivo EP in rat brains, followed by DW-MRI using a clinical MRI scanner. We found a pulse amplitude–dependent increase in the ADC following EP, indicating that (1) DW-MRI is sensitive to the EP-induced changes and (2) the observed changes in ADC are indeed due to the applied electric field

    mTORC1 is essential for early steps during Schwann cell differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells and regulates lipogenic gene expression.

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    Schwann cell development is hallmarked by the induction of a lipogenic profile. Here we used amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells and focused on the mechanisms occurring during early steps of differentiation along the Schwann cell lineage. Therefore, we initiated Schwann cell differentiation in AFS cells and monitored as well as modulated the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the major regulator of anabolic processes. Our results show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity is essential for glial marker expression and expression of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) target genes. Moreover, SREBP target gene activation by statin treatment promoted lipogenic gene expression, induced mTORC1 activation and stimulated Schwann cell differentiation. To investigate mTORC1 downstream signaling we expressed a mutant S6K1, which subsequently induced the expression of the Schwann cell marker S100b, but did not affect lipogenic gene expression. This suggests that S6K1 dependent and independent pathways downstream of mTORC1 drive AFS cells to early Schwann cell differentiation and lipogenic gene expression. In conclusion our results propose that future strategies for peripheral nervous system regeneration will depend on ways to efficiently induce the mTORC1 pathway

    Evaluation of vardenafil for the treatment of subjective tinnitus: a controlled pilot study

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vardenafil (Levitra<sup>®</sup>) represents a potent and highly selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, which is established for treatment of various diseases. There are several unpublished reports from patients stating that vardenafil has a considerable therapeutic effect on their concomitant tinnitus. This pilot study was conducted to specifically assess the effect of vardenafil in patients with chronic tinnitus.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This trial was based on a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. Fourty-two consecutive subjects with mon- or binaural chronic tinnitus received 10 mg vardenafil (N = 21) or matching placebo tablets (N = 21) administered orally twice a day over a period of 12 weeks. Clinical examination and data acquisition took place at each visit: at baseline, after 4 weeks, after 12 weeks (end of treatment with study medication), and at non-medicated follow-up after 16 weeks. Assessment of clinical effectiveness was based on a standardized tinnitus questionnaire (TQ), the Short Form 36 health survey (SF-36), audiometric measurements (mode, pitch and loudness of tinnitus; auditory thresholds) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients' blood (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, homocysteine and total antioxidative status). Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by comparison of subjective and objective parameters with baseline data between both treatment groups (ANCOVA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Vardenafil had no superior efficacy over placebo in the treatment of chronic tinnitus during this study. The primary efficacy criterion 'TQ total score' failed to demonstrate significant improvement compared to placebo. Subjective reports of TQ subscales and general quality of life areas (SF-36), objective audiometric examinations as well as investigated biomarkers for oxidative stress did not reveal any significant treatment effects. The safety profile was favorable and consistent with that in other vardenafil studies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although hypoxia and ischemia play a special role in the pathogenesis of tinnitus, the PDE5-inhibitor-induced increase of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation exerted no specific influence on tinnitus symptomatology. Considering the unclear risk of rarely associated hearing impairment, systemic application of vardenafil or other PDE5 inhibitors prove to be not appropriate for therapy of chronic tinnitus.</p

    The Evolution of Invasiveness in Garden Ants

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    It is unclear why some species become successful invaders whilst others fail, and whether invasive success depends on pre-adaptations already present in the native range or on characters evolving de-novo after introduction. Ants are among the worst invasive pests, with Lasius neglectus and its rapid spread through Europe and Asia as the most recent example of a pest ant that may become a global problem. Here, we present the first integrated study on behavior, morphology, population genetics, chemical recognition and parasite load of L. neglectus and its non-invasive sister species L. turcicus. We find that L. neglectus expresses the same supercolonial syndrome as other invasive ants, a social system that is characterized by mating without dispersal and large networks of cooperating nests rather than smaller mutually hostile colonies. We conclude that the invasive success of L. neglectus relies on a combination of parasite-release following introduction and pre-adaptations in mating system, body-size, queen number and recognition efficiency that evolved long before introduction. Our results challenge the notion that supercolonial organization is an inevitable consequence of low genetic variation for chemical recognition cues in small invasive founder populations. We infer that low variation and limited volatility in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles already existed in the native range in combination with low dispersal and a highly viscous population structure. Human transport to relatively disturbed urban areas thus became the decisive factor to induce parasite release, a well established general promoter of invasiveness in non-social animals and plants, but understudied in invasive social insects
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