Comparison of two method of ventilation “Bag mask ventilation” and “ Mapelson B circuit ventilation” on O2 saturation of patients undergoing Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT)

مقدمه: تشنج درمانی الکتریکی (ECT) روشی برای درمان برخی از اختلالات سایکولوژیک است. از آنجایی که ECT هنگام بیهوشی عمومی انجام می شود، اکسیژن رسانی به بیماران در حین انجام آن از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. مطالعات قبلی نشان داده اند که برخی از بیماران در طول ECT دچار هیپوکسمی می شوند که می تواند سبب ایجاد عوارض جانبی در بیماران گردد. در این مطالعه کارایی دو روش اکسیژن رسانی با آمبوبگ و سیستم نیمه باز مپلسون B برای تهویه بیماران در زمان ECT و تاثیر آن بر اشباع هموگلوبین با اکسیژن با هم مقایسه شده است. روش بررسی: در یک کارآزمایی بالینی یکسو کور، 72 بیمار تحت ECT به دو گروه 36 نفره A و B تقسیم شدند. بیماران در گروه A توسط سیستم مپلسون B و بیماران در گروه B توسط آمبوبگ تهویه شدند. اشباع اکسیژن خون شریانی (SPO2) بیماران توسط دستگاه پالس اکسیمتر در مراحل زمانی "قبل از بیهوشی، پس از القای بیهوشی و انجام پره اکسیژناسیون، پس از اتمام فاز کلونیک تشنج و سپس با فاصله هر یک دقیقه تا 10 دقیقه پس از شوک" اندازه گیری شد. نتایج: در بین بیماران دو گروه از نظر متغییرهای زمینه ای اختلافی دیده نشد (P>0.05). نتایج نشان داد که میزان اشباع هموگلوبین خون شریاتی با اکسیژن در تمامی زمان ها به جز دقیقه هفت و هشت پس از تشنج درمانی الکتریکی در بیمارانی که با سیستم مپلسون B تهویه شده بودند به شکل معناداری از بیمارانی که با آمبوبگ تهویه شده بودند بالاتر بود (P<0.05). نتیجه گیری: استفاده از سیستم مپلسون B برای تهویه بیماران در زمان ECT در مقایسه با آمبوبگ سبب ایجاد هیپوکسمی کمتر در بیماران می گردد

Effect of Intraarticular injection of ozone on inflammatory cytokines in knee osteoarthritis

Introduction: Knee Osteoarthrosis is one of the most debilitating diseases. Prolotherapy includes intraarticular injection of various drugs to decrease inflammation. Injection of Intradiscal O2-O3 has reduced pain and disability of patients with low back pain due to prolapsed lumbar disk. Objective: To compare the effect of intraarticular injection of Ozone and steroids in improvement of clinical and cellular healing of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: in a randomized clinical trial, 70 patients with knee osteoarthrosis were included in the study. In Ozone group, 5 ml (35 μg/ml) of Ozone and in steroid group 5ml (50 mg) Triamcinolone were injected intraarticular. At 1,2,and 6 month patients were followed for pain scale, disability index and IL-1β and TNF-α serum levels were measured. Results: At 1 month after injection pain scale and disability index and IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased in both groups. However, at 2 and 6 month pain scale and disability index were significantly lower in Ozone group compare to steroid group (

SPONTANEOUS IMBIBITION OIL RECOVERY BY NATURAL SURFACTANT/NANOFLUID: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY

Organic surfactants have been utilized with different nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations due to the synergic mechanisms of nanofluid stabilization, wettability alteration, and oil-water interfacial tension reduction. However, investment and environmental issues are the main concerns to make the operation more practical. The present study introduces a natural and cost-effective surfactant named Azarboo for modifying the surface traits of silica nanoparticles for more efficient EOR. Surface-modified nanoparticles were synthesized by conjugating negatively charged Azarboo surfactant on positively charged amino-treated silica nanoparticles. The effect of the hybrid application of the natural surfactant and amine-modified silica nanoparticles was investigated by analysis of wettability alteration. Amine-surfactant-functionalized silica nanoparticles were found to be more effective than typical nanoparticles. Amott cell experiments showed maximum imbibition oil recovery after nine days of treatment with amine-surfactant-modified nanoparticles and fifteen days of treatment with amine-modified nanoparticles. This finding confirmed the superior potential of amine-surfactant-modified silica nanoparticles compared to amine-modified silica nanoparticles. Modeling showed that amine surfactant-treated SiO2 could change wettability from strongly oil-wet to almost strongly water-wet. In the case of amine-treated silica nanoparticles, a strongly water-wet condition was not achieved. Oil displacement experiments confirmed the better performance of aminesurfactant- treated SiO2 nanoparticles compared to amine-treated SiO2 by improving oil recovery by 15%. Overall, a synergistic effect between Azarboo surfactant and amine-modified silica nanoparticles led to wettability alteration and higher oil recovery

Spatiotemporal variation of projected drought characteristics in Iran under climate change scenarios using CMIP5-CORDEX product

This study aims to assess the change of drought characteristics (intensity, duration, and frequency) under the effect of climate change in Iran using the modified standardized precipitation index (MSPI) and theory of runs on annual and seasonal scales for three near-future, mid-future (MF), and far-future climates. Hence, regional climate models extracted from South Asia-Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiments (CORDEX-SA) are applied. Regarding the result, MSPI could assign the standardized precipitation index (SPI) values better than the conventional form of SPI during the historical period (HP). The outcomes revealed that the northeast stations will experience a decrease in intensity (up to 24.57% in MF compared with HP) until 2100 at seasonal timescale, while the duration and frequency of drought will be increased. Although the greatest increase in intensity changes of droughts (up to 91%) until the end of the century will happen in the eastern and southwestern regions of Iran, these regions will face the maximum decrease in the duration (−30.54%) and frequency (−25%) of droughts compared with HP at seasonal timescale. In addition, regarding the outcomes of this study, strategies can be adopted to better manage water resources for various regions of Iran

Pregled otrovanja aluminijevim fosfidom i prijedlog dijagrama tijeka njegova liječenja

The use of pesticides such as aluminium phosphide (AlP) has increased in the recent years and improved the quantity and quality of agricultural products in a number of developing countries. The downside is that AlP causes severe chronic and acute health effects that have reached major proportions in countries such as India, Iran, Bangladesh, and Jordan. Nearly 300,000 people die due to pesticide poisoning in the world every year. Poisoning with AlP accounts for many of these deaths. Unfortunately, at the same time, there is no standard treatment for it. The aim of this article is to give a brief review of AlP poisoning and propose a treatment flowchart based on the knowledge gained so far. For this purpose we reviewed all articles on the management of AlP poisoning published from 2000 till now. Using a modified Delphi design, we have designed a handy flowchart that could be used as a guide for AlP poisoning management of patients in emergency centres.Primjena pesticida poput aluminijeva fosfida (AlP) raste iz godine u godinu, povoljno utječući na količinu i kakvoću poljoprivrednih proizvoda u mnogim zemljama u razvoju. Nažalost, AlP može uzrokovati i snažne kronične i akutne zdravstvene posljedice, koje su u zemljama poput Indije, Irana, Bangladeša i Jordana dosegnule zabrinjavajuće razmjere. U svijetu svake godine od otrovanja pesticidima umre gotovo 300.000 ljudi. Mnoge od tih smrti uzrokovane su aluminijevim fosfidom. Svrha je ovoga članka dati kratak pregled literature vezane uz otrovanje AlP-om te predložiti algoritam njegova liječenja koji se temelji na dosadašnjim spoznajama. U tu smo svrhu pregledali sve članke o liječenju otrovanja AlP-om od 2000. naovamo. Oslanjajući se na prilagođeni Delphi-dizajn, osmislili smo koristan dijagram tijeka koji bi se mogao koristiti kao vodič kroz liječenje otrovanja aluminijevim fosfidom u hitnim službama

Analysis of Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Iranian Patients with Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Series

Objective Autism spectrum disorder is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric group of pervasive development disorder, which is mostly diagnosed through the intricate behavioral phenotype. According to strong genetic involvement, detecting the chromosome regions and the key genes linked to autism can help to elucidate its etiology. The present study aims to investigate the value of cytogenetic analysis in syndromic autism as well as to find an association between autism and chromosome abnormalities. Materials & Methods Thirty-six autism patients from 30 families, diagnosed clinically with DSM-5 criteria, were recruited. The syndromic patients who had additional clinical features involving development delay, attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, seizure, language, and intellectual impairment were selected due to elevating the detection rate. Cytogenetics analysis was performed using GTG banding on the patients' cultured fibroblasts. Moreover, array-comparative genomic hybridization was also performed for a patient with a de novo and novel variant.   Results Karyotype analysis in 36 syndromic autism patients detected chromosomal abnormalities in two (5.6%) families, including 46,XY,dup(15)(q11.1q11.2) and 46,XX,ins(7)(q11.1q21.3)dn. In the latter, array-comparative genomic hybridization detected three abnormalities on chromosome 7, including deletion and insertion on both arms; 46,XX,del(7)(q21.11q21.3),dup(7)(p11.2p14.1p12.3)dn. Conclusion We reported a novel and de novo cytogenetic abnormality on chromosome 7 in an Iranian patient diagnosed with syndromic autism. However, the detection rate in syndromic autism was low which implies that it cannot be utilized as the only diagnostic procedure

Continuum-based models and concepts for the transport of nanoparticles in saturated porous media: A state-of-the-science review

Environmental applications of nanoparticles (NP) increasingly result in widespread NP distribution within porous media where they are subject to various concurrent transport mechanisms including irreversible deposition, attachment/detachment (equilibrium or kinetic), agglomeration, physical straining, site-blocking, ripening, and size exclusion. Fundamental research in NP transport is typically conducted at small scale, and theoretical mechanistic modeling of particle transport in porous media faces challenges when considering the simultaneous effects of transport mechanisms. Continuum modeling approaches, in contrast, are scalable across various scales ranging from column experiments to aquifer. They have also been able to successfully describe the simultaneous occurrence of various transport mechanisms of NP in porous media such as blocking/straining or agglomeration/deposition/detachment. However, the diversity of model equations developed by different authors and the lack of effective approaches for their validation present obstacles to the successful robust application of these models for describing or predicting NP transport phenomena. This review aims to describe consistently all the important NP transport mechanisms along with their representative mathematical continuum models as found in the current scientific literature. Detailed characterizations of each transport phenomenon in regards to their manifestation in the column experiment outcomes, i.e., breakthrough curve (BTC) and residual concentration profile (RCP), are presented to facilitate future interpretations of BTCs and RCPs. The review highlights two NP transport mechanisms, agglomeration and size exclusion, which are potentially of great importance in controlling the fate and transport of NP in the subsurface media yet have been widely neglected in many existing modeling studies. A critical limitation of the continuum modeling approach is the number of parameters used upon application to larger scales and when a series of transport mechanisms are involved. We investigate the use of simplifying assumptions, such as the equilibrium assumption, in modeling the attachment/detachment mechanisms within a continuum modelling framework. While acknowledging criticisms about the use of this assumption for NP deposition on a mechanistic (process) basis, we found that its use as a description of dynamic deposition behavior in a continuum model yields broadly similar results to those arising from a kinetic model. Furthermore, we show that in two dimensional (2-D) continuum models the modeling efficiency based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is enhanced for equilibrium vs kinetic with no significant reduction in model performance. This is because fewer parameters are needed for the equilibrium model compared to the kinetic model. Two major transport regimes are identified in the transport of NP within porous media. The first regime is characterized by higher particle-surface attachment affinity than particle-particle attachment affinity, and operative transport mechanisms of physicochemical filtration, blocking, and physical retention. The second regime is characterized by the domination of particle-particle attachment tendency over particle-surface affinity. In this regime although physicochemical filtration as well as straining may still be operative, ripening is predominant together with agglomeration and further subsequent retention. In both regimes careful assessment of NP fate and transport is necessary since certain combinations of concurrent transport phenomena leading to large migration distances are possible in either case

Investigation on TCF Bleaching of Tobacco stalk ( Nicotiana tabacum L.'Coker 347') Soda Pulp

In this study the effect of different values of peroxide in three levels 3%, 4%, 5% and sodium hydroxide in two levels 2%, 3%, on bleaching of tobacco stalks ( Nicotiana tabacum L. 'PVH 19') soda pulp was investigated. Tobacco stalks were soda pulped using 22% alkali in 170°C for 100 minutes. Produced pulp had 37.1 % yield and kappa number 62. Bleaching process included two stages: chelating and alkali peroxide bleaching. Results indicated that brightness increased and kappa number decreased by increasing sodium hydroxide and peroxide Hydrogen level.The data related to 3% caustic soda and 5% peroxide treatment without chelating stage, indicated that initial chelating stage significantly affected on the brightness, kappa number and yield of the bleached pulp, and this treatment had the lowest brightness and the highest kappa number and yield among all treatments. Finally, 3% caustic soda-5% peroxide treatment with initial chelating stage had the highest brightness (44.50%) and the lowest yield (83.20%), was selected as the best treatment