The Study of Environmental Problems Consideration in Guidance School Empirical Sciences Textbooks

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the content of the guidance school experimental sciences textbooks in Iran in terms of environmental problems consideration. For this purpose, three experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school were analyzed by using content analysis method. The statistical population is three experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school in the academic year of 2012-2013. Therefore, sampling method was not used in this study and the statistical population and sample population were the same. This study was done by using checklist content analysis tool including four major components such as environmental problems of air, water, soil and sound and 45 sub-components.  The William Scott formula was used to determine the reliability of data collection tool and its reliability amount was .82. The research findings showed that environmental problems are ignored in the guidance school experimental sciences textbooks. The most attention was paid to the environmental problems in the third grade experimental science textbook and the lowest attention was paid in the second grade experimental science textbook of guidance school. In relation to the environmental problems, the most attention was paid to the soil problems and the lowest attention was paid to sound problems in experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school. These findings necessitate paying attention to more important issue of the educational content formulating and editing by scientific and literary experts in educational content formulating regarding environmental problems in these books. Therefore, due to the industrialization path of today’s society and educational system evolution and review of the content of the textbooks, textbook authors should consider educational content

The Study of Environmental Problems Consideration in Guidance School Empirical Sciences Textbooks

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the content of the guidance school experimental sciences textbooks in Iran in terms of environmental problems consideration. For this purpose, three experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school were analyzed by using content analysis method. The statistical population is three experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school in the academic year of 2012-2013. Therefore, sampling method was not used in this study and the statistical population and sample population were the same. This study was done by using checklist content analysis tool including four major components such as environmental problems of air, water, soil and sound and 45 sub-components.  The William Scott formula was used to determine the reliability of data collection tool and its reliability amount was .82. The research findings showed that environmental problems are ignored in the guidance school experimental sciences textbooks. The most attention was paid to the environmental problems in the third grade experimental science textbook and the lowest attention was paid in the second grade experimental science textbook of guidance school. In relation to the environmental problems, the most attention was paid to the soil problems and the lowest attention was paid to sound problems in experimental sciences textbooks of guidance school. These findings necessitate paying attention to more important issue of the educational content formulating and editing by scientific and literary experts in educational content formulating regarding environmental problems in these books. Therefore, due to the industrialization path of today’s society and educational system evolution and review of the content of the textbooks, textbook authors should consider educational content

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

An investigation into sound transmission loss by polypropylene needle-punched nonwovens

In this work, the effects of variables such as initial carded web mass, needle penetration depth, punch density, and the frequency of incident sound wave on transmission of sound through polypropylene needle-punched nonwovens were investigated. Fibrous carded webs using commercially available 17 dtex, 90 mm staple length polypropylene fibers were prepared with different mass per unit area using carding machine. Samples were needled at various punch-densities and needle penetration depths were produced. Design points of experiments were set up using Taguchi experimental design method. Sound transmission loss (STL) of needled samples was measured using an impedance tube equipped with four microphones. Minitab software was used to analyze the sound transmission ability of the samples. Results indicated that all of the considered controllable factor have significant effects on STL values determined for the needled nonwovens. Also, initial carded web mass was found to be the most influential factor affecting sound transmission through the samples. It was concluded that an increase in thickness of the samples as well as mass per unit area of nonwovens results in higher sound transmission loss by the samples

تحلیل نوعي لآراء الأخصائیین الإیرانیین حول دور العقیدة الروحیة والدینیة المؤثرة في السیطرة علی العواطف والمشاعر

سابقه و هدف: دین و باورهای دینی در بیشتر جوامع نقش مهمی در زندگی انسان­ها ایفا می­کند؛ در جامعۀ ایرانی با ‌توجه به شرایط فرهنگی این نقش بارزتر است. ازاین‌رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل کیفی نظر متخصصان ایرانی دربارۀ نقش باورهای معنوی و اعتقادی مؤثر در تنظیم هیجان انجام شد. روش کار: مطالعۀ حاضر از نوع کیفی و به‌روش تحلیل محتوای نهفته است. جامعۀ آماری متخصصان و صاحب‌نظران تنظیم هیجان در ایران بودند که با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند تا حد اشباع با 11 نفر از آنان مصاحبۀ نیمه­ساختاریافته صورت گرفت. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: با اتمام مصاحبه‌­ها، پس از حذف و همسان‌سازی کدهای مشابه و تکراری، نتایج تحلیل داده­‌ها به سه طبقۀ اصلی و شش زیر‌طبقه منجر شد. طبقات شامل نگرش­‌های مذهبی و معنوی، آموزه­های معنوی/ مذهبی تنظیم­کنندۀ هیجان و تمایز باور­ها از خرافات بود.   نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان داد که باورهای معنوی و اعتقادی نقش پررنگی در تنظیم هیجان افراد دارند؛ بنابراین به مشاوران و درمانگران سلامت روان پیشنهاد می‌­شود که در ارتباط با مراجعان و در جلسات درمانی به این مهم توجه ویژه‌ای داشته باشند.Background and Objective: Religion and religious beliefs play an important role in human life in many societies, Therefore, the present study aimed to qualitatively analyze the opinion of Iranian experts about the role of spiritual and doctrinal beliefs affecting emotion regulation. Methods: The present study had a qualitative design and was conducted by content analysis. The participants were specialists and experts working in the field of emotion regulation in Iran and were selected through purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts until the saturation point was reached. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests. Results: After conducting the interviews, similar and duplicate codes were removed and matched. The results of data analysis yielded three main categories with six sub-themes. The main categories included religious and spiritual attitudes, taught spiritual/religious emotion regulation, and differentiating beliefs from superstitions. Conclusion: The results showed that spiritual and doctrinal beliefs played a significant role in the way individuals regulated their emotions. Therefore, counselors and mental health therapists are recommended to pay attention to this important issue while interacting with the clients during treatment sessions.خلفية البحث وأهدافه: یؤدي الدین والعقیدة الدینیة دوراً بارزاً في معظم المجتمعات البشریة؛ ویتجلی تأثیر هذه العقیدة في المجتمع الإیراني بشکل أکبر نظراً للخلفیة الثقافیة والدینیة. ولهذا تسعی هذه الدراسة أن تسلط الضوء علی هذه الظاهرة لکي تقدم تحلیلاً نوعیاً لآراء الأخصائیین الإیرانیین حول دور النزعة الروحانیة والعقیدة الدینیة في السیطرة علی العواطف والمشاعر. منهجية البحث: المنهج الذي اعتمدت علیه الدراسة هو منهج نوعي وتحلیل المحتوی الکامن. اما الجمعیة الإحصائیة فقد شملت الأخصائیین وأصحاب الرأي الإیرانیین في مجال تنظیم المشاعر وتحسین السلوك العاطفي. وقد اختیر المشارکون عبر أخذ العینات الهادفة القصوی وتم اختیار 11 أخصائیاً لإجراء المقابلة معهم. یذکر أنّه تمت مراعاة جمیع الموارد الأخلاقیة في هذا البحث وإضافة إلی ذلك فإن مؤلفي البحث لم یشیروا إلی أيّ تضارب في المصالح. المعطیات: تحلیل المعطیات الحاصلة من اللقاءات والمحاضرات مع الأخصائیین في هذا المجال ومسح النتائج المشابهة والمکرورة وغربلة کامل المعطیات أدت إلی نتائج ملموسة یمکن صیاغتها بثلاث أجزاء أساسیة وستة أجزاء متفرعة منها. وهذه الأجزا هي: النزعة الدینیة والروحیة، والتعالیم الروحیة/ الدینیة التي تقوم بتنظیم المعتقد الدیني والسیطرة علی العواطف والمشاعر وتواجه العقائد الخرافیة/ الأساطیریة واللامنطقیة. الاستنتاج: أظهرت النتائج أنّ العقیدة الدینیة والنزعة الروحیة بشکل عام تؤدي دوراً حاسماً في السلوك السلیم وتنظیم العواطف؛ ولهذا ننصح الإستشاریین النفسیین والمعالجین النفسیین أخذ النزعة الدینیة والروحیة بعین الإعتبار والنظر إلی علاج المرضی ومساعدتهم من هذا المنطلق والإقتناع بأنّ هذا الأمر یؤدي دوراً إیجابیاً کبیراً في تحسین مستوی سلوکهم العاطفي