Summary of model VTOL lift fan tests conducted at NASA Lewis Research Center

The purpose of the tests was to obtain overall performance and influencing factors as well as detailed measurements of the internal flow characteristics. The first experiment consisted of crossflow tests of a 15-inch diameter fan installed in a two-dimensional wing. Tests were run with and without exit louvers over a range of tunnel speeds, fan speeds, and wing angle of attack. The wing was used for a study of installation effects on lift fan performance. The model tested consisted of three 5.5-inch diameter tip-turbine driven model VTOL lift fans mounted chord-wise in the two-dimensional wing to simulate a pod-type array. Several inlet and exit cover door configurations and an adjacent fuselage panel were tested. For the third program, a pod was attached to the wing, and an investigation was conducted of the effect of design tip speed on the aerodynamic performance and noise of a 15-inch diameter lift fan-in-pod under static and crossflow conditions. Three single VTOL lift fan stages were designed for the same overall total pressure ratio but at three different rotor tip speeds

Human potential: How knowledge can be measured

A measurement value for knowledge is introduced on the basis of mathematics. This measurement value expands the potential for economic analysis, reveals new interconnections, and defines familiar economic characteristics in mathematical terms. As an example, a mathematical formula for the competence of a company is derived here in an illustrative fashion and the relation-ships between growth in turnover, stability and effectivity are shown. In conclusion a number of interpretative comments are made on the significance of the approach for future economic theory.Measure of knowledge, bit of knowledge, competence, human potential, stability, unemployment and knowledge

Emission Targets and Equilibrium Choice of Technique

We study the technological pre-conditions for a cost-minimizing choice of technique in the presence of government emission targets on by- products of production. Whether a by-product is a desirable commodity or an undesirable pollutant is determined endogeneously as part of the price-quantity equilibrium solution. Non-trivial counter-examples highlight the potential risk of over-ambitious pollution targets. We show that pollution targets can be supported by the appropriate taxes providing that technology allows for a certain type of labour-intensive pollution abatement activities. Our proof is constructive: the tax equilibria we posit can be computed by the Lemke Complementary Pivoting Algorithm.Multisectoral Growth Theory, Choice of Technique, Pollution Taxes, Permit Markets, Lemke Algorithm

Knowledge Agents Represented by Knowledge Functions

Knowledge as the basis of science has up to now only verbally defined features which are not accepted between all sciences. On the other hand knowledge must have some interoperable, physical related features since otherwise we wouldn’t be able to exchange knowledge between humans. With the discovery of operable features knowledge becomes, like information, a tool for interdisciplinary use. It is analysed how this discovery can also contribute to the concept of economic agents. The fundamental frame for agent concepts is set by physical condi-tions, which are explained. It is shown how within this frame operable knowledge can act in a way that new economic features appear. Operable knowledge features present a structure of knowledge which is independent of the specific meaning or use of knowledge. This discovery presents a completely new mathematically based concept of knowledge for different disciplines like economy, sociology, communication science, physics or biology. It is explained how this arises by extending the well known Shannon concept of information. It is shown how competence and innovation appear as specific features of knowledge. Also it is explained how knowledge adds value to money. Some initial practical results of a pilot project in a company are discussed. Hints for application in different disciplines are given.bit of knowledge, measure of knowledge, knowledge functions of agents, quantization of knowledge

Spatial bias correction for sporadic meteors photographed in New Mexico

Spatial bias correction for sporadic meteors photographed in New Mexic

Effect of on- and off-ramps in cellular automata models for traffic flow

We present results on the modeling of on- and off-ramps in cellular automata for traffic flow, especially the Nagel-Schreckenberg model. We study two different types of on-ramps that cause qualitatively the same effects. In a certain density regime one observes plateau formation in the fundamental diagram. The plateau value depends on the input-rate of cars at the on-ramp. The on-ramp acts as a local perturbation that separates the system into two regimes: A regime of free flow and another one where only jammed states exist. This phase separation is the reason for the plateau formation and implies a behaviour analogous to that of stationary defects. This analogy allows to perform very fast simulations of complex traffic networks with a large number of on- and off-ramps because one can parametrise on-ramps in an exceedingly easy way.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

The pole-sitter mission concept : an overview of recent developments and possible future applications

The paper provides a survey of novel mission concepts for continuous, hemispheric polar observation and direct-link polar telecommunications. It is well known that these services cannot be provided by traditional platforms: geostationary satellites do not cover high-latitude regions, while low- and medium-orbit Sun-synchronous spacecraft only cover a narrow swath of the Earth at each passage. Concepts that are proposed in the literature are described, including the pole-sitter concept (in which a spacecraft is stationary above the pole), spacecraft in artificial equilibrium points in the Sun-Earth system and non-Keplerian polar Molniya orbits. Additionally, novel displaced eight-shaped orbits at Lagrangian points are presented. For many of these concepts, a continuous acceleration is required and propulsion systems include solar electric propulsion, solar sail and a hybridisation of the two. Advantages and drawbacks of each mission concept are assessed, and a comparison in terms of high-latitude coverage and distance, spacecraft mass, payload and lifetime is presented. Finally, the paper will describe a number of potential applications enabled by these concepts, focusing on polar Earth observation and telecommunications

Measurement of model propulsion system noise in a low-speed wind tunnel

Methods are presented for making overall and directional acoustic measurements with forward velocity in the Lewis 9 x 15 V/STOL wind tunnel. Overall acoustic measurements are discussed; the acoustic calibration methods, instrumentation features, and types of experiments are presented. Selected data are presented as examples of the various types of overall measurements that are possible. The method of making directional acoustic measurements is presented, and the necessary alterations to the tunnel, specialized acoustic instrumentation, and calibration details are described. The results indicate that relative overall acoustic measurements can be made successfully and that directional acoustic measurements are feasible

Phloretin and Phlorizin Derivative Containing Compounds

Compounds including phloretin and/or phlorizin derivatives coupled to an undigestible and non-absorbable matrix are provided. The compounds have pharmacological efficacies. They inhibit sugar uptake from the intestine and may be used in composition form in methods for treating diabetes and for promoting weight loss. A method for the manufacture of these compounds and a novel intermediate phlorizin derivative for making these compounds are also disclosed