Some Non-Destructive Testing Methods: A Comparative Complitation Work

Bu çalışmada, materyallerin kusur analizini gerçekleştirerek güvenli materyal kullanımı sağlayan tahribatsız test yöntemleri incelenmektedir. Tahribatsız test işleminde kullanılacak yöntemin, çalışma şartları açısından test edilecek materyal üzerinde uygulanabilir olması gerekmektedir. Örneğin girdap akımları yöntemi, çalışma şartları gereği ferromanyetik metalleri test edemezken, ferro olmayan metalleri test edebilmektedir. Bu şartlar göz önüne alınarak seçilen test yöntemi ile materyal düzenli aralıklarla tahribatsız muayene edilerek kusurlu materyal bölgeleri tespit edilmektedir. Bu şekilde güvenli materyal kullanımı sağlanarak büyük maddi kayıplar önlenmiş olur. Tahribatsız test yöntemlerinin bir kısmı güvenilir sonuçlar üretmesi açısından endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda manyetik kaçak akı, akustik emisyon, ultrasonik, girdap akımları ve radyografi yöntemleri bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Yöntemlerin işleyiş prensipleri, literatürde yapılmış çalışmalar ve gerçekleştirilmiş deneyler incelenerek açıklanmıştır. Yöntemler karşılaştırmalı olarak seçilen kriterlere göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile geniş içeriğe sahip bir derleme ortaya çıkarılmıştır.In this study, nondestructive testing methods, which sustain safe material usage are analyzed by doing defect analysis of material. Method that is used in nondestructive testing process, need to be applicable on testing material in terms of working conditions. For instance; eddy currents method can test nonferrous metals while it cannot test ferromagnetic metals because of working conditions. Considering these conditions, defective material parts are identified by examining chosen testing method and material in regular intervals. Thanks to this way, major financial losses are avoided by sustainig safe material usage. Some parts of nondestructive testing methods are widely used in industry with regard to producing dependable results. In this context, magnetic flux leakage, acoustik emission, eddy currents, and radiography methods are analyzed in this study. Methods’ process principle, works that have done in literature, performed experiments are analyzed and explained. Methods are classified by regarding comperatively selected criteria. With this study, a compilation, having broad content is presented

Evaluation of effectiveness of the containing energized oxygen molecules herbal product on the wound healing

Son yıllarda, tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanımıyla ilgili ileri formülasyon teknolojilerinin gelişmesi ile birlikte bitkisel içerikli medikal ürünlere olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Geliştirilen bu ürünler, yara ve yanıkların tedavisini hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ilk kez enerjilendirilmiş oksijen molekülü içeren bitkisel içerikli ürünün yara iyileşme üzerindeki etkinliği in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalar ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, Hypericum perforatum L. tıbbi yağı ve enerjilendirilmiş oksijen molekülü içeren bazın biyolojik etkinliği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonuçları, enerjilendirilmiş oksijen molekülleri içeren bazın ve Hypericum perforatum L. tıbbi yağının patojen test mikroorganizmaları üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin bulunduğunu ve insan dermal fibroblast hücreleri üzerinde toksik bir etkisinin bulunmadığını göstermiştir. Enerjilendirilmiş oksijen molekülü içeren bitkisel içerikli ürünün ikinci derece derin yanıklarda etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ürünün yara iyileştirici etkinliğinin antimikrobiyal, antifungal, antioksidan ve hücre proliferasyonunu artırıcı etkisi sayesinde gerçekleştiği düşünülmektedir. İleride yapılacak klinik çalışmalar doğrultusunda ürün ikinci derece yanıkların tadavisinde kullanılabilme potansiyeline sahiptir.In recent years, the interest in herbal medicinal products has been increasing with the development of advanced formulation technologies related to the use of the medicinal and aromatic plants. These developed products are used to treat wounds and burns quickly and effectively. In this study, the effectiveness of containing energized oxygen molecules herbal product on wound healing was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies for the first time. Within the scope of the study, the biological activities of Hypericum perforatum L. medicinal oil, energized oxygen molecules base were determined. Results of this study showed that the base containing energized oxygen molecules and the medicinal oil of Hypericum perforatum L. had antimicrobial activity on pathogen test microorganisms and did not have a toxic effect on human dermal fibroblast cells. It has been determined that the herbal product containing energized oxygen molecule is effective in second degree deep burns. It is thought that the wound-healing effect of the product is realized thanks to its antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant and cell proliferation-increasing effect. In line with future clinical studies, the product has the potential to be used in the treatment of second-degree burns

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Investigation on Wavelet Transform and Iterative Gaussian Filtering Methods for Denoising Signal of Magnetic Flux Leakage

Manyetik kaçak akı (MKA) yöntemi, ferromanyetik özellikteki materyallerde oluşan çatlak, delik, korozyon gibi kusurlarıalgılama amaçlı kullanılan tahribatsız test yöntemlerinden biridir. MKA sensörlerinden alınan işaretler test edilen materyalyapısında oluşan kusurları tanımlamakla birlikte gürültü bileşenlerini de içermektedir. Gürültü miktarı ve niteliği ise test sistemive materyal yapısına göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Uygun olmayan bir filtreleme işlemi sonucunda, kusurları temsil edenişaretler, gürültü içerisinde kaybolmakta veya bozularak anlamını kaybetmektedir. Bu çalışmada MKA yöntemi ile alınanişaretler üzerinde dalgacık dönüşümü ve tekrarlı Gauss filtreleme yöntemlerinin etkinliği incelenmektedir. MKA işaretleriniüretmek amacıyla, ANSYS Maxwell benzetim ortamında manyetik test sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Test materyali olarak, üzerindefarklı büyüklükte 3 yapay kusur bulunan bir çelik plaka kullanılmıştır. Manyetik sistemden alınan işaretler üzerinde, ayrıkdalgacık dönüşümü ve tekrarlı Gauss fitreleri uygulanmıştır. Filtrelenen işaretler üzerinde oluşan işaret bozulmaları ve simetribozukluğu ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Deney sonuçlarına göre, MKA işaretleri üzerinde, tekrarlı Gauss filtresinin dalgacıkdönüşümü yöntemlerinden daha başarılı sonuçlar ürettiği görülmektedirMagnetic flux leakage (MFL) method is one of the non-destructive testing methods used to detect defects such as cracks, holes,_x000D_ and corrosion within ferromagnetic materials. Signals produced by MFL sensors, identify the defects occurred in structure of_x000D_ tested material also include noise components. The amount and property of the noise varies according to the test system and_x000D_ material structure. As a result of improper filtering, signals representing defects are lost in noise or distorted and become_x000D_ meaningless. In this study, the effectiveness of wavelet transform and iterative Gauss filtering methods on the signals obtained_x000D_ by applying MFL method was examined. In order to generate MFL signals, magnetic test system were designed in ANSYS_x000D_ Maxwell simulation environment. As a test material, a steel plate with 3 different size defects was used. Discrete wavelet_x000D_ transform methods and iterative Gauss filter were applied on the signals produced by the magnetic system. Signal distortions_x000D_ and symmetry disturbances which occured on the filtered signals were examined. According to experimental results, it is seen_x000D_ that iterative Gaussian filter produces more successful results than wavelet transform methods on MFL signals._x000D

Emotion recognition using time-frequency ridges of EEG signals based on multivariate synchrosqueezing transform

The feasibility of using time-frequency (TF) ridges estimation is investigated on multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for emotional recognition. Without decreasing accuracy rate of the valence/arousal recognition, the informative component extraction with low computational cost will be examined using multivariate ridge estimation. The advanced TF representation technique called multivariate synchrosqueezing transform (MSST) is used to obtain well-localized components of multi-channel EEG signals. Maximum-energy components in the 2D TF distribution are determined using TF-ridges estimation to extract instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude, respectively. The statistical values of the estimated ridges are used as a feature vector to the inputs of machine learning algorithms. Thus, component information in multi-channel EEG signals can be captured and compressed into low dimensional space for emotion recognition. Mean and variance values of the five maximum-energy ridges in the MSST based TF distribution are adopted as feature vector. Properties of five TF-ridges in frequency and energy plane (e.g., mean frequency, frequency deviation, mean energy, and energy deviation over time) are computed to obtain 20-dimensional feature space. The proposed method is performed on the DEAP emotional EEG recordings for benchmarking, and the recognition rates are yielded up to 71.55, and 70.02% for high/low arousal, and high/low valence, respectively

Researching the risk factors of peripheral arterial and cardiovascular diseases in the individuals aged 50 and older

Kalp damar hastalıkları tüm dünyada ölümün en sık sebebidir. İleri yaş, erkek cinsiyet, hiperlipidemi, diyabet, hipertansiyon, obezite, sigara içiciliği kalp damar hastalıkları için majör risk faktörleridir. Framingham Risk Skoru kalp damar hastalıkları gelişme riskinin tahmininde güvenilir bir ölçümdür. Ankle brakiyal indeks (ABI) ölçümü koroner arter hastalığı (KAH) varlığı ve yaygınlığını öngörmede kullanılabilirliği gösterilmiş noninvaziv bir yöntemdir. Karotis intima-media kalınlığındaki (KİMK) artış birçok çalışmada KAH ile işkili bulunmuş. Biz çalışmamızda 50 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde kalp damar hastalıkları risk faktörlerinin prevalanslarını belirlemeyi, ABI düşüklüğü ve KİMK yüksekliği ile FRS arasında ilişki olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçladık.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMBu çalışma tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte analitik bir araştırmadır. Çalışmaya 50 yaş ve üzerindeki 250 birey dahil edildi. Bireylere sosyodemografik özellikleri, mevcut hastalıkları, sigara içme durumları gibi bilgilerin yer aldığı anket formu dolduruldu. Hastaların boy, ağırlık, bel ve kalça çevreleri ölçüldü. Dört extremite kan basınçları OMRON M2 otomatik sfigmomanometre cihazı ile ölçüldü. Bu ölçümler kullanılarak ABI (ankle-brakial index) hesaplandı. ABI değeri 1.1 ve altında olan hastaların 22' sinin bilateral karotis intima-media kalınlıkları (KİMK) Doppler ultrasonografi ile ölçüldü. Hastaların total kolesterol, LDL, Trigliserid, HDL düzeyleri ve açlık kan şekeri ölçüldü. Otomatik risk hesaplama cetveli ile Framingham Risk Skoru elde edildi. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilirken, istatistiksel analizler için SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 13,0 programı kullanıldı. p değerinin <0.05 olması anlamlı olarak kabul edildi. .BULGULARSigara içiciliği erkeklerde anlamlı derecede yüksek tespit edildi. Kadınlarda obezite oranı anlamlı derecede yüksek saptandı. Hastaların % 48.4'ünde hipertansiyon, % 12.8'inde diyabet tespit edildi. HDL düşüklüğü erkeklerde daha fazla, LDL ve kolesterol yüksekliği kadınlarda daha fazla saptandı. Hastaların % 3.6'sında ABI 0.95 ve altında tespit edildi. ABI ile yaş, sigara içiciliği, kan basıncı arasında da anlamlı negatif bir ilişki saptandı. ABI ile Framingham Risk Skorları arasında anlamlı negatif bir ilişki saptandı. KİMK değeri ile sigara içiciliği sağ kol sistolik KB, sol kol sistolik KB, sol kol diyastolik KB, sağ ayak sistolik KB ve AKŞ ortalamaları arasında anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki, BKI arasında anlamlı negatif bir ilişki saptandı. FRS ile KİMK arasında ilişki bulunmadı.SONUÇToplumumuzda 50 yaş ve üzerinde kardiyovasküler hastalık majör risk faktörleri prevalansları oldukça yüksektir. Primer korunma açısından sigara kullanımının bırakılması, çocukluktan başlayarak sağlıklı bir diyetin uygulanması, düzenli fiziksel aktiviten yapılması çok önemlidir. Kardiyovasküler hastalık majör risk faktörlerinin erken tanı ve tedavisi için özellikle 50 yaş ve üzerindeki bireylere tarama yapılması faydalıdır. Ankle-Brachial Index düşüklüğü (?0.95) koroner arter hastalığı riskini tahmin etmede kullanılabilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kardiyovasküler hastalık risk faktörleri, Framingham Risk Skoru, Ankle-Brakiyal İndeks, Karotis İntima-Media Kalınlığı.Cardiovascular diseases are most common causes of death in all around the world. Old age, male gender, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking are main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is increasingly used in early risk identification of cardiovascular diseases. Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) has been shown to be a strong predictor of extend and severity of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have found correlation between Carotid İntima-Media Thickness (CIMT) and cardiovascular diseases. In this study we aimed to determine the prevalances of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in the individuals aged 50 or more. And we aimed to examine the relationsheep between Framingham Risk Score and both Ankle-Brachial Index and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness.METHODThis research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. 250 individuals aged 50 or more were included. A questionnaire including sociodemografic factors, status of desaeses, consumption of cigarette, was carried out to the participants of the research. We measured weight, lenght, waist and hip circumferences of patients. Blood pressures of four extremity measured with OMRON M2 sphygmomanometer. Using this measuremants we calculated Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI). Bilateral carotid ıntima-media thickness of 22 patients having 1.1 and lower ABI measured by Doppler ultrasonography. We measured the levels of total cholesterol, low dansity lipoprotein(LDL), triglyceride, high dansity lipoprotein(HDL), fasting blood glucose after fasting at least eight hours. We calculated Framingham Risk Scores of the participants using automatic calculator. We used SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 13,0 program for statistical analizis. The value of p< 0.005 was expected significant.RESULTSCigarette smoking was significantly high in male gender. Obesity rate was higher in women. We found hypertension ratio as %40.8, diabetes ratio as % 12.8. HDL levels of men were significantly lower. Total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in women. %3.6 of patients had low ABI (?0.95). There were significantly negative correlations between ABI and age, cigarette smoking, blood pressure. Also we found significantly negative correlations between ABI and Framingham Risk Score. Cigarette smoking, fasting blood glucose, right arm systolic BP(blood pressure), left arm systolic BP, left arm diastolic BP, right leg systolic BP found negatively collerated and body mass index (BMI) found positively correlated with carotid ıntima-media thickness. We couldn?t find any relationship between FRS and CIMT.CONCLUSIONThe prevalences of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases are quite high in the population. Healthful nutrition beginning from childhood, keeping away from cigarette, regular physical activity are very important as primary care. Screening the individuals aged 50 or more is useful for early diagnosis and treatment of main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Low Ankle-Brachial Index (?0.95) can be used to estimate the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.Key Words: Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, Framingham Risk Score, Ankle-Brachial Index, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Multilayer Perceptron Trained with Eigenvalue Decay

Hyperspectral Images (HSI) require sufficient labeled samples and a complex classifier to identify an area. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the most competent algorithms in this field. Neural Networks (NN) is another approach used for classification problems, and both have been widely proposed in the literature. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method has also received significant attention in the deep learning field recently. Nevertheless, during NN training, the overfitting problem may cause continuous dragging of the algorithm toward larger error. In this case, a regularization technique is needed to constitute the most useful decision boundary. The Eigenvalue Decay method is one of the regularization techniques that may be applied for HSI. This study investigates the performance of Multilayer Perceptron trained with an Eigenvalue Decay (MLP-ED) algorithm for HSI classification. The SVM, CNN with Pixel-Pair and CNN-Ensemble methods are used as comparison algorithms for MLP-ED performance assessment. All methods were tested with 3 different high-resolution HSI datasets. While SVM is one of the classic classifiers, and the 2 new CNN algorithms show high performance, the proposed MLP-ED method has more computational efficiency and achieves higher success than the others do

Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Multilayer Perceptron Trained with Eigenvalue Decay

Hyperspectral Images (HSI) require sufficient labeled samples and a complex classifier to identify an area. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the most competent algorithms in this field. Neural Networks (NN) is another approach used for classification problems, and both have been widely proposed in the literature. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method has also received significant attention in the deep learning field recently. Nevertheless, during NN training, the overfitting problem may cause continuous dragging of the algorithm toward larger error. In this case, a regularization technique is needed to constitute the most useful decision boundary. The Eigenvalue Decay method is one of the regularization techniques that may be applied for HSI. This study investigates the performance of Multilayer Perceptron trained with an Eigenvalue Decay (MLP-ED) algorithm for HSI classification. The SVM, CNN with Pixel-Pair and CNN-Ensemble methods are used as comparison algorithms for MLP-ED performance assessment. All methods were tested with 3 different high-resolution HSI datasets. While SVM is one of the classic classifiers, and the 2 new CNN algorithms show high performance, the proposed MLP-ED method has more computational efficiency and achieves higher success than the others do

Gezgin Satıcı Probleminin Karınca Kolonisi ve Genetik Algoritmalarla Eniyilemesi ve Karşılaştırılması

Inthisstudy, performance of Ant Colony and Genetic Algorithms that is map of Turkey is aimed to find. Performance of the sealgorithms in terms of route distance and route prediction time were investigated. A C#-based interface was designed for implementation of the application and monitoring of the experimental results. As a result of the application, it is observed that Ant Colony algorithm has more high performance than genetic algorithm in terms of both route distance and performance tim