The Phoenicians in Arcadia Essai de Méthode en Mythologie Grecque: De l' Origine des Cultes Arcadiens: Victor Béraed. Paris: Thorin. 1894. 12fr.5O.

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US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017: Community Report

This white paper summarizes the workshop "U.S. Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter" held at University of Maryland on March 23-25, 2017

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Macroecological drivers of extinction risk in early Cenozoic mollusks

Understanding the factors that contribute to extinction risk is essential for predicting the response of species to environmental change. For many extant and extinct taxa, intrinsic biological factors play a critical role, but their relative importance is poorly known. Using the Paleogene fossil record of marine mollusks from the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains of the eastern United States, I present new methods for unveiling rare diversity and a series of multivariate analyses of the direct and indirect effects of intrinsic biological factors on extinction risk through the early Cenozoic. I show that combining museum, literature, and field data using a modeling approach can provide a more comprehensive estimate of taxonomic richness and abundance without substantial increase in current sampling effort. I then assess the contributions of abundance, body size, and geographic range to the duration of bivalve species and find that geographic range has the strongest direct effect on extinction risk and that an apparent direct effect of abundance is explained entirely by its covariation with geographic range. The influence of geographic range is broadly manifest, explaining variation in extinction risk in three ecologically-disparate bivalve clades. Body size also contributes significantly to extinction risk, but in opposing directions in different clades, such that it has no net effect for bivalves as a whole. Using structural equation modeling, I reveal indirect effects of both abundance and body size on extinction risk via their positive influence on geographic range size. Lastly, I evaluate the stability of intrinsic biological correlates of extinction risk over the early Cenozoic by comparing a model in which these effects were invariant over time with several time-dependent models. I find that geographic range size always had a significant positive effect on extinction resistance but its strength varied over the early Cenozoic in tandem with variation in extinction intensity and clade diversity. My dissertation provides a new understanding of the interacting forces which drive extinction in ancient communities, and offers an explicit methodological framework for assessing general versus specific controls on extinction risk over the variable history of Earth and life

Data from: Long-term differences in extinction risk among the seven forms of rarity

Rarity is widely used to predict the vulnerability of species to extinction. Species can be rare in markedly different ways, but the relative impacts of these different forms of rarity on extinction risk are poorly known and cannot be determined through observations of species that are not yet extinct. The fossil record provides a valuable archive with which we can directly determine which aspects of rarity lead to the greatest risk. Previous paleontological analyses confirm that rarity is associated with extinction risk, but the relative contributions of different types of rarity to extinction risk remain unknown because their impacts have never been examined simultaneously. Here, we analyze a global database of fossil marine animals spanning the past 500 million years, examining differential extinction with respect to multiple rarity types within each geological stage. We observe systematic differences in extinction risk over time among marine genera classified according to their rarity. Geographic range played a primary role in determining extinction, and habitat breadth a secondary role, whereas local abundance had little effect. These results suggest that current reductions in geographic range size will lead to pronounced increases in long-term extinction risk even if local populations are relatively large at present

Data from: Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Determining which biological traits affect taxonomic durations is critical for explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Two approaches are commonly used to investigate the associations between traits and durations and/or extinction and origination rates: analyses of taxonomic occurrence patterns in the fossil record and comparative phylogenetic analyses, predominantly of extant taxa. By capitalizing upon the empirical record of past extinctions, paleontological data avoid some of the limitations of existing methods for inferring extinction and origination rates from molecular phylogenies. However, most paleontological studies of extinction selectivity have ignored phylogenetic relationships because there is a dearth of phylogenetic hypotheses for diverse non-vertebrate higher taxa in the fossil record. This omission inflates the degrees of freedom in statistical analyses and leaves open the possibility that observed associations are indirect, reflecting shared evolutionary history rather than the direct influence of particular traits on durations. Here we investigate global patterns of extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods and compare the results of taxonomic vs. phylogenetic approaches. Regression models that assume independence among taxa provide support for a positive association between geographic range size and genus duration but do not indicate an association between body size and genus duration. Brownian motion models of trait evolution identify significant similarities in body size, range size, and duration among closely related terebratulide genera. We use phylogenetic regression to account for shared evolutionary history and find support for a significant positive association between range size and duration among terebratulides that is also phylogenetically structured. The estimated range size–duration relationship is moderately weaker in the phylogenetic analysis due to the down-weighting of closely related genera that were both broadly distributed and long lived; however, this change in slope is not statistically significant. These results provide evidence for the phylogenetic conservatism of organismal and emergent traits, yet also the general phylogenetic independence of the relationship between range size and duration