Screening and identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sorghum silage processes in west Algeria

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor. L.) silage were identified during different periods of evolution of sorghum silage in west Algeria. Morphological, physiological, biochemical and technological techniques were used to characterize lactic acid bacteria isolates. A total number of 27 representatives of lactic acid bacterial strains were retained and among them four dominant genus were identified as Lactobacillus (44%), Lactococcus (14.81%), Weissella (29.62%) and Leuconostoc (11.11%). The representative species identified were Lactobacillus brevis (25%), Lactobacillus pentosus (3.7%), Lactobacillus manihotivorans (11.11%), and Lactobacillus fermentum (3.7%). Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis (14.81%), Weissella cibaria (7.2%), Weissella minor (11.11%), Weissella soli (3.7%), Weissella viridescense (7.2%) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (11.11%). Only two strains of lactic acid bacteria were amylolytic. These results will enable future research on the relationship between LAB species and silage fermentation quality.Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, identification, silage, sorghum, evolution, amylolytic, technology, speciesAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(14), pp. 1703-170

Gender differences in the evolution of haute cuisine chef's career

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Culinary Science & Technology on 2020, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/15428052.2019.1640156[EN] This article reviews gender differences in the career paths of successful chefs, including barriers, success factors, and the entrepreneurial path. The research was developed in 2016-17, using an international survey carried out in Spain, France, and the United States among culinary students, cooks, and chefs who responded to a structured questionnaire based on pre-selected topics. The results show that a chef's career requires various sets of skills. They should be leaders, mentors, and entrepreneurs. They work in a hard and competitive environment where building their brand and achieving public recognition is a must. Their professional satisfaction depends on learning, evolving, and launching their restaurant. There were two main differences between the sample of women chefs and the general sample of chefs: they required more mentoring, and they achieved greater job satisfaction when they were self-employed.Albors Garrigós, J.; Haddaji, M.; García-Segovia, P.; Peiró Signes, A. (2020). Gender differences in the evolution of haute cuisine chef's career. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology (Online). 18(6):439-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2019.1640156S439468186Emiroğlu, B. D., Akova, O., & Tanrıverdi, H. (2015). The Relationship Between Turnover Intention and Demographic Factors in Hotel Businesses: A Study at Five Star Hotels in Istanbul. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 385-397. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.108Ainuddin, R. A., Beamish, P. W., Hulland, J. S., & Rouse, M. J. (2007). Resource attributes and firm performance in international joint ventures. Journal of World Business, 42(1), 47-60. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2006.11.001Allen, H., & Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2016). «Against all odds»: Head chefs profiled. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 14(2), 107-135. doi:10.1080/15428052.2015.1080645Allen, H., & Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2016). Secrets of a Head Chef: Exploring Factors Influencing Success in Irish Kitchens. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 15(3), 187-222. doi:10.1080/15428052.2016.1225538Anderson, E. R. (2008). ‘Whose name’s on the awning?’ Gender, entrepreneurship and the American diner. Gender, Place & Culture, 15(4), 395-410. doi:10.1080/09663690802155611Balazs, K. (2001). Some like it haute: Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 134-148. doi:10.1016/s0090-2616(01)00048-1Balazs, K. (2002). Take One Entrepreneur: European Management Journal, 20(3), 247-259. doi:10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00040-3Blanck, J. F. (2007). Research Chefs Association . Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 8(1), 3-8. doi:10.1300/j108v08n01_02Boone, J., Veller, T., Nikolaeva, K., Keith, M., Kefgen, K., & Houran, J. (2013). 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Working paper no.81. Retrieved from http://www.wine-economics.orgGlauber, R. (2011). Limited Access: Gender, Occupational Composition, and Flexible Work Scheduling. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(3), 472-494. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01215.xGuerrina, R. (2002). Mothering in Europe. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(1), 49-68. doi:10.1177/1350506802009001381Guyette, W. C. (1981). The Executive Chef: Manager or Culinarian? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 22(3), 71-78. doi:10.1177/001088048102200320Haddaji, M., Albors-Garrigós, J., & García-Segovia, P. (2017). Women chefs’ experience: Kitchen barriers and success factors. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 9, 49-54. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.06.004Haddaji, M., Albors-Garrigós, J., & García-Segovia, P. (2017). Women Chefs’ Access Barriers to Michelin Stars: A Case-Study Based Approach. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 15(4), 320-338. doi:10.1080/15428052.2017.1289133Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679190202Harringon, R., & Herzog, C. (2007). Chef John Folse: A Case Study of Vision, Leadership & Sustainability. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 19(3), 5-10. doi:10.1080/10963758.2007.10696892Harris, D. A., & Giuffre, P. (2010). «The Price You Pay»: How Female Professional Chefs Negotiate Work and Family. Gender Issues, 27(1-2), 27-52. doi:10.1007/s12147-010-9086-8Harris, D. A., & Giuffre, P. (2015). Taking the Heat. doi:10.36019/9780813571270Heilman, M. E., & Haynes, M. C. (2005). No Credit Where Credit Is Due: Attributional Rationalization of Women’s Success in Male-Female Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 905-916. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.905Hoyt, C. L. & Simon, S. (2011). Female leaders: Injurious or inspiring role models for women? Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters, and other publications. 114. Retrieved from http://scholarship.richmond.edu/jepson-faculty-publications/114Hurley, A. E. (1999). Incorporating feminist theories into sociological theories of entrepreneurship. Women in Management Review, 14(2), 54-62. doi:10.1108/09649429910261396Kiser, A. I. T. (2015). Workplace and leadership perceptions between men and women. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(8), 598-612. doi:10.1108/gm-11-2014-0097Knutson, B. J., & Schmidgall, R. S. (1999). Dimensions of the Glass Ceiling in the Hospitality Industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(6), 64-75. doi:10.1177/001088049904000618Ko, W.-H. (2012). The relationships among professional competence, job satisfaction and career development confidence for chefs in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 1004-1011. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.12.004Lane, C. (2013). Taste makers in the «fine-dining» restaurant industry: The attribution of aesthetic and economic value by gastronomic guides. Poetics, 41(4), 342-365. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2013.05.003Lee, K.-E. (2011). Moderating effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) on job burnout in dietitians and chefs of institutional foodservice. Nutrition Research and Practice, 5(1), 80. doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.1.80Lee, K., Yang, G., & Graham, J. L. (2006). Tension and trust in international business negotiations: American executives negotiating with Chinese executives. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 623-641. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400215Lloyd-Fore, N. (1988). Where Next for Women? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 29(3), 9-10. doi:10.1177/001088048802900306Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2008). Understanding the Heat—Mentoring: A Model for Nurturing Culinary Talent. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 6(1), 43-62. doi:10.1080/15428050701884196Martin, P., & Barnard, A. (2013). The experience of women in male-dominated occupations: A constructivist grounded theory inquiry. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(2). doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1099Meah, A., & Jackson, P. (2013). Crowded kitchens: the ‘democratisation’ of domesticity? Gender, Place & Culture, 20(5), 578-596. doi:10.1080/0966369x.2012.701202Michelin. (2018). Retrieved from https://guide.michelin.comMintz, S. W. (1989). Cuisine and haute cuisine: How are they linked? Food and Foodways, 3(3), 185-190. doi:10.1080/07409710.1989.9961947Müller, K. F., VanLeeuwen, D., Mandabach, K., & Harrington, R. J. (2009). The effectiveness of culinary curricula: a case study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(2), 167-178. doi:10.1108/09596110910935660Nebel, E. C., Braunlich, C. G., & Zhang, Y. (1994). Career Paths in American Luxury Hotels: Hotel Food and Beverage Directors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 6(6), 3-9. doi:10.1108/09596119410070495Orser, B., & Leck, J. (2010). Gender influences on career success outcomes. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(5), 386-407. doi:10.1108/17542411011056877Pratten, J. D. (2003). What makes a great chef? British Food Journal, 105(7), 454-459. doi:10.1108/00070700310497255Pratten, J. D. (2003). The training and retention of chefs. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(4), 237-242. doi:10.1108/09596110310475702Purcell, K. (1996). The relationship between career and job opportunities: women’s employment in the hospitality industry as a microcosm of women’s employment. Women in Management Review, 11(5), 17-24. doi:10.1108/09649429610122618Remington, J., & Kitterlin-Lynch, M. (2017). Still pounding on the glass ceiling: A study of female leaders in hospitality, travel, and tourism management. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(1), 22-37. doi:10.1080/15332845.2017.1328259Sanders, M. D. (2015). The world´s most elite female chefs reveal what it’s really like to have their Michelin stars. Retrieved from https://www.marieclaire.com/food-cocktails/g3262/women-chefs-three-michelin-stars/Santero-Sanchez, R., Segovia-Pérez, M., Castro-Nuñez, B., Figueroa-Domecq, C., & Talón-Ballestero, P. (2015). Gender differences in the hospitality industry: A Job quality index. Tourism Management, 51, 234-246. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.025Sarstedt, M., Henseler, J., & Ringle, C. M. (2011). Multigroup Analysis in Partial Least Squares (PLS) Path Modeling: Alternative Methods and Empirical Results. Measurement and Research Methods in International Marketing, 195-218. doi:10.1108/s1474-7979(2011)0000022012Supski, S. (2006). ‘It Was Another Skin’: The kitchen as home for Australian post-war immigrant women. 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Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org)

Fusarium : more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).http://www.studiesinmycology.org/BiochemistryForestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)GeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologyPlant Production and Soil Scienc

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org)

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org)

Statecraft under the deliberation of the fundamentals

How the international system correlates with other specific aspects of each country? Can integration be realized with a particular policy? Do fundamentals differ from each country or they are similar with a contrastive precedence? Questions are as wide as their responses as each country has its own characteristics and therefore should have its own system allowing a suitable management of resources while ensuring integration worldwide. The international system is not the cause of the current condition, but the consequence of the interaction between its components, hence it is subject to change, notably with the relations establishing the current form of globalization and policies adapted by each country. This work is generally devoted to the study of the functioning of the international system by representing the aspects of the country as an entity in the general and historical development

Statecraft under the delibration of the fundamentals

How the international system correlates with other specific aspects of each country? Can integration be realized with a particular policy? Do fundamentals differ from each country or they are similar with a contrastive precedence? Questions are as wide as their responses as each country has its own characteristics and therefore should have its own system allowing a suitable management of resources while ensuring integration worldwide. The international system is not the cause of the current condition, but the consequence of the interaction between its components, hence it is subject to change, notably with the relations establishing the current form of globalization and policies adapted by each country. This work is generally devoted to the study of the functioning of the international system by representing the aspects of the country as an entity in the general and historical development

Photochemical oxidation of styrene in acetonitrile solution in presence of H2O2, TiO2/H2O2 and ZnO/H2O2

International audienc