7,301 research outputs found
Mid-infrared sub-wavelength grating mirror design: tolerance and influence of technological constraints
High polarization selective Si/SiO2 mid-infrared sub-wavelength grating
mirrors with large bandwidth adapted to VCSEL integration are compared. These
mirrors have been automatically designed for operation at \lambda = 2.3 m
by an optimization algorithm which maximizes a specially defined quality
factor. Several technological constraints in relation with the grating
manufacturing process have been imposed within the optimization algorithm and
their impact on the optical properties of the mirror have been evaluated.
Furthermore, through the tolerance computation of the different dimensions of
the structure, the robustness with respect to fabrication errors has been
tested. Finally, it appears that the increase of the optical performances of
the mirror imposes a less tolerant design with severer technological
constraints resulting in a more stringent control of the manufacturing process.Comment: The final publication is available at
http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/13/12/125502
Microcanonical entropy inflection points: Key to systematic understanding of transitions in finite systems
We introduce a systematic classification method for the analogs of phase
transitions in finite systems. This completely general analysis, which is
applicable to any physical system and extends towards the thermodynamic limit,
is based on the microcanonical entropy and its energetic derivative, the
inverse caloric temperature. Inflection points of this quantity signal
cooperative activity and thus serve as distinct indicators of transitions. We
demonstrate the power of this method through application to the long-standing
problem of liquid-solid transitions in elastic, flexible homopolymers.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Bankrupting terrorism: the role of US anti-terrorism litigation in the prevention of terrorism and other hybrid threats: a legal assessment and outlook
Global terrorist networks are dependent on receiving financial support from a variety of sources, including individuals, charities and corporations. Also known as terrorist financing, the potential of terrorism finance to resemble a global threat has been recognised and also its closeness to other international crimes such as money laundering and organized crime. As a result, possible responses have to constitute co-ordinated, multi-lateral and multi faceted actions under the umbrella of a wide range of international stakeholders such as the United Nations Security Council and the Financial Action Task Force. Combating terrorism requires a ‘holistic’ approach which allows for a mix of possible responses. Besides “kinetic” security operations (such as targeted killings) and the adoption of criminal prosecution measures another possible response could be the use of US styled transnational civil litigation by victims of terrorism against both, terrorist groups and their sponsors. Corporations, both profit and non profit, such as banks and other legal entities, as well as individuals, are often complicit in international terrorism in a role of aiders and abettors by providing financial assistance to the perpetrators (cf. UN Al-Qaida Sanctions List: The List established and maintained by the 1267 Committee with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaida). Such collusion in acts of terrorism gains additional importance against the background of so called “Hybrid Threats”, NATO’s new concept of identifying and countering new threats arising from multi-level threat scenarios. This article discusses the potential impact of US terrorism lawsuits for the global fight against terrorism
Recursive Graphical Construction for Feynman Diagrams of Quantum Electrodynamics
We present a method for a recursive graphical construction of Feynman
diagrams with their correct multiplicities in quantum electrodynamics. The
method is first applied to find all diagrams contributing to the vacuum energy
from which all n-point functions are derived by functional differentiation with
respect to electron and photon propagators, and to the interaction. Basis for
our construction is a functional differential equation obeyed by the vacuum
energy when considered as a functional of the free propagators and the
interaction. Our method does not employ external sources in contrast to
traditional approaches.Comment: Author Information under
http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/institution.html Latest update of
paper also at http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/29
Economic inequalities in burden of illness, diagnosis and treatment of five long-term conditions in England: panel study
We compared the distribution by wealth of self-reported illness burden (estimated from validated scales, biomarker and reported symptoms) for angina, cataract, depression, diabetes and osteoarthritis, with the distribution of self-reported medical diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to determine if the greater illness burden borne by poorer participants was matched by appropriately higher levels of diagnosis and treatment
Detailing the effects of polypharmacy in psychiatry: longitudinal study of 320 patients hospitalized for depression or schizophrenia
Current treatment standards in psychiatry are oriented towards polypharmacy, that is, patients receive combinations of several antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antihistamines, and anticholinergics, along with other somatic treatments. In tandem with the beneficial effects of psychopharmacological drug treatment, patients experience significant adverse reactions which appear to have become more frequent and more severe with the rise of ubiquitous polypharmacy. In this study, we aimed to assess today's acute inpatient treatment of depressive and schizophrenic disorders with focus on therapeutic strategies, medications, adverse side effects, time course of recovery, and efficacy of treatments. Of particular interest was the weighing of the benefits and drawbacks of polypharmacy regimens. We recruited a total of 320 patients hospitalized at three residential mental health treatment centers with a diagnosis of either schizophrenic (ICD-10: "F2x.x"; n = 94; "F2 patients") or depressive disorders (ICD-10: "F3x.x"; n = 226; "F3 patients"). The study protocol included (1) assessment of previous history by means of the SADS Syndrome Check List SSCL-16 (lifetime version); (2) repeated measurements over 5 weeks assessing the time course of improvement by the Hamilton Depression Scale HAM-D and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PANSS, along with medications and adverse side effects through the Medication and Side Effects Inventory MEDIS; and (3) the collection of blood samples from which DNA and serum were extracted. Polypharmacy was by far the most common treatment regimen (85%) in this study. On average, patients received 4.50 ± 2.68 medications, consisting of 3.30 ± 1.84 psychotropic drugs, plus 0.79 ± 1.13 medications that alleviate adverse side effects, plus 0.41 ± 0.89 other somatic medications. The treating psychiatrists appeared to be the main determining factor in this context, while «previous history» and «severity at baseline» played a minor role, if at all. Adverse drug reactions were found to be an inherent component of polypharmacy and tended to have a 2-3 times higher incidence compared to monotherapy. Severe adverse reactions could not be attributed to a particular drug or drug combination. Rather, the empirical data suggested that severe side effects can be triggered by virtually all combinations of drugs, provided patients have a respective vulnerability. In terms of efficacy, there were no advantages of polypharmacy over monotherapy. The results of this study underlined the fact that polypharmacy regimens are not equally suited for every patient. Specifically, such regimens appeared to have a negative impact on treatment outcome and to obfuscate the "natural" time course of recovery through a multitude of interfering factors. Evidence clearly speaks against starting just every therapeutic intervention in psychiatry with a combination of psychopharmaceuticals. We think that it is time for psychiatry to reconsider its treatment strategies, which are far too one-sidedly fixated on psychopharmacology and pay far too little attention to alternative approaches, especially in mild cases where psychotherapy without concurrent medication should still be an option. Also, regular exercises and sports can definitely be an effective therapeutic means in a considerable number of cases. General practitioners (GPs) are particularly in demand here
Statistical Mechanics of Aggregation and Crystallization for Semiflexible Polymers
By means of multicanonical computer simulations, we investigate thermodynamic
properties of the aggregation of interacting semiflexible polymers. We analyze
a mesoscopic bead-stick model, where nonbonded monomers interact via
Lennard-Jones forces. Aggregation turns out to be a process, in which the
constituents experience strong structural fluctuations, similar to peptides in
coupled folding-binding cluster formation processes. In contrast to a recently
studied related proteinlike hydrophobic-polar heteropolymer model, aggregation
and crystallization are separate processes for a homopolymer with the same
small bending rigidity. Rather stiff semiflexible polymers form a
liquid-crystal-like phase, as expected. In analogy to the heteropolymer study,
we find that the first-order-like aggregation transition of the complexes is
accompanied by strong system-size dependent hierarchical surface effects. In
consequence, the polymer aggregation is a phase-separation process with entropy
reduction.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
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