Towards establishment of a centralized spider traits database

A main goal of ecological and evolutionary biology is understanding and predicting interactions between populations and both abiotic and biotic environments, the spatial and temporal variation of these interactions, and the effects on population dynamics and performance. Trait-based approaches can help to model these interactions and generate a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functioning. A central tool is the collation of databases that include species trait information. Such centralized databases have been set up for a number of organismal groups but is lacking for one of the most important groups of predators in terrestrial ecosystems - spiders. Here we promote the collation of an open spider traits database, integrated into the global Open Traits Network. We explore the current collation of spider data and cover the logistics of setting up a global database, including which traits to include, the source of data, how to input data, database governance, geographic cover, accessibility, quality control and how to make the database sustainable long-term. Finally, we explore the scope of research questions that could be investigated using a global spider traits database.Peer reviewe

Amphioxus functional genomics and the origins of vertebrate gene regulation.

Vertebrates have greatly elaborated the basic chordate body plan and evolved highly distinctive genomes that have been sculpted by two whole-genome duplications. Here we sequence the genome of the Mediterranean amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) and characterize DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and transcriptomes across multiple developmental stages and adult tissues to investigate the evolution of the regulation of the chordate genome. Comparisons with vertebrates identify an intermediate stage in the evolution of differentially methylated enhancers, and a high conservation of gene expression and its cis-regulatory logic between amphioxus and vertebrates that occurs maximally at an earlier mid-embryonic phylotypic period. We analyse regulatory evolution after whole-genome duplications, and find that-in vertebrates-over 80% of broadly expressed gene families with multiple paralogues derived from whole-genome duplications have members that restricted their ancestral expression, and underwent specialization rather than subfunctionalization. Counter-intuitively, paralogues that restricted their expression increased the complexity of their regulatory landscapes. These data pave the way for a better understanding of the regulatory principles that underlie key vertebrate innovations

Etude acoustico-radiologique de la déglutition haute chez des sujets normaux et des patients opérés d un cancer pharyngo-laryngé

Ce travail a utilisé la méthode acoustico-radiologique pour analyser, chez le normal et le laryngectomisé (LT, LSC), le bruit de la déglutition et de ses composantes sonores (CS) pour en rechercher l origine. Les acquisitions étaient réalisées en pré et postopératoire. Le microphone était en regard du cricoïde. Le nombre de CS (N), la durée totale du bruit (DTB), des 3 CS (COP, COS, COL), des intervalles I 1et I2 et les % de présence des CS ont été quantifiés. Sujets normaux : après corrélation acoustico-radiologique, les valeurs normales (ms) étaient COP = 106, COS = 185, COL = 72. COP correspondait à la montée de l os hyoïde et au bolus dans l oropharynx, COS au bolus traversant le sphincter supérieur et COL à l ouverture du larynx, au bolus dans l œsophage. Groupe LSC : en postop, COP était moins présente, COL plus fréquente, COS plus longue. Groupe LT : en postop, N était modifié, COP et COL moins présentes, DTB et COS plus courtes. Des profils types du bruit de déglutition ont été établis.This study analysed the swallowing sound an dits sound component (SC) with the acoustico-radiologic assessment in normal subjects, and in laryngectomized (LT, LSC) patients. The swallowing recordings were made in pre and postoperative period. The microphone was placed near the cricoid cartilage. The number of SC (N), the total duration of the sound (DTB), of the SC (COP, COS, COL) and of the intervals (I1 and I2) and the % of SC presence were quantified. Normal subjects : the durations (ms) were COP = 106, COS = 185, COL = 72. COP was heard during the larynx ascension with the bolus in the oropharynx, COS during the bolus flow through the oesophageal sphincter, COL during the laryngeal opening with the bolus in the oesophagus. LSC group : in postoperative, COP was less frequently heard, COL more frequently, COS was longer. LT group : in postoprative, N was modified, COP and COL were less frequently heard, DTB and COS were shorter. Typical swallowing acoustic profiles were established.TOURS-BU Médecine (372612103) / SudocSudocFranceF