Long-Term and Seasonal Trends in Estuarine and Coastal Carbonate Systems

Coastal pH and total alkalinity are regulated by a diverse range of local processes superimposed on global trends of warming and ocean acidification, yet few studies have investigated the relative importance of different processes for coastal acidification. We describe long-term (1972-2016) and seasonal trends in the carbonate system of three Danish coastal systems demonstrating that hydrological modification, changes in nutrient inputs from land, and presence/absence of calcifiers can drastically alter carbonate chemistry. Total alkalinity was mainly governed by conservative mixing of freshwater (0.73-5.17mmolkg(-1)) with outer boundary concentrations (similar to 2-2.4mmolkg(-1)), modulated seasonally and spatially (similar to 0.1-0.2mmolkg(-1)) by calcifiers. Nitrate assimilation by primary production, denitrification, and sulfate reduction increased total alkalinity by almost 0.6mmolkg(-1) in the most eutrophic system during a period without calcifiers. Trends in pH ranged from -0.0088year(-1) to 0.021year(-1), the more extreme of these mainly driven by salinity changes in a sluice-controlled lagoon. Temperature increased 0.05 degrees Cyr(-1) across all three systems, which directly accounted for a pH decrease of 0.0008year(-1). Accounting for mixing, salinity, and temperature effects on dissociation and solubility constants, the resulting pH decline (0.0040year(-1)) was about twice the ocean trend, emphasizing the effect of nutrient management on primary production and coastal acidification. Coastal pCO(2) increased similar to 4 times more rapidly than ocean rates, enhancing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Indeed, coastal systems undergo more drastic changes than the ocean and coastal acidification trends are substantially enhanced from nutrient reductions to address coastal eutrophication.Peer reviewe

Helicity amplitudes and crossing relations for antiproton proton reactions

Antiproton proton annihilation reactions allow unique access to the moduli and phases of nucleon electromagnetic form factors in the time like region. We present the helicity amplitudes for the unequal mass single photon reaction $p \bar{p}\to l^+ l^-$ in the s channel including the lepton mass. The relative signs of these amplitudes are determined using simple invariance properties. Helicity amplitudes for the annihilation reaction $p \bar{p} \to N \bar{N}$ are also given, where $N$ is any spinor particle with structure. Crossing relations between the $e p \to e p$ scattering and the $p \bar{p}\to l^+ l^-$ annihilation channels are discussed and the crossing matrix for the helicity amplitudes is given. This matrix may be used to verify known expressions for the space like helicity amplitudes due to one photon exchange.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to EPJ

Prisvolatilitet, riskbedömning och strategi hos svenska lantbrukare på grund av kriget i Ukraina

Olika former av kriser är en stor faktor som kan leda till stora problem för lantbrukare. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vad personer ifrån olika delar av lantbrukssektorn tänker kring de stora prissvängningarna som är till följd av kriget och hur man som lantbrukare ska agera för att minimera riskerna det innebär. Kriget i Ukraina är en stor faktor som ställer till det mycket för lantbrukare i Sverige då priserna på både insatsvaror och avsaluvaror har gått upp väldigt mycket. Detta gör att det svenska lantbruket utsätts för en stor risk då det råder ovisshet kring vad som kommer ske med priserna på varor av alla slag. Prisvariationen är stor vilket gör att det är ovisst hur det kommer se ut ekonomiskt den kommande tiden. Det gör att lantbrukare får tänka om i sin planering och ha en strategi som är anpassad till de svåra förhållandena som råder just nu. Studien är gjord med en kvalitativ undersökning där 7 olika personer inom lantbruket har intervjuats. 2 av dessa är rådgivare och 5 av dessa är bönder med olika produktionsinriktningar. De områden som representeras är spannmål, mjölk, nötkött, smågris och ägg. Detta gjordes för att få en bred undersökning med svar ifrån olika inriktningar och få en förståelse hur olika inriktningar drabbats av kriget. Att inte veta vad som kommer att ske imorgon är en svårighet som de intervjuade personerna tryckte på. Med dessa stora prisvariationer och brist på varor så är det svårt att veta om det är rätt att köpa idag, till ett väldigt högt pris, eller vänta tills imorgon när det kanske är billigare eller så kan varan antingen vara ännu dyrare eller vara slut. ” Det har aldrig varit så lönsamt att göra rätt men så dyrt att göra fel” är ett citat ifrån markandsrådgivaren som intervjuades vilket belyser att riskerna är stora, så man måste veta vad man håller på med. Samtliga som intervjuats är väldigt eniga om att det är viktigt att prissäkra och att sprida ut riskerna i sitt företag för att vara så säker som möjligt. Att stå på ett ben är alldeles för riskabelt nu i dessa tider. Inom animalieproduktionen har det både tidigare och nu visat sig att de som själva producerar foder till sina djur minskar risken vid prisvariationer.Various forms of crises are a major factor that can lead to major problems for farmers. The purpose of this work is to investigate what people from different parts of the agricultural sector think about the large price fluctuations that are as a result of the war in Ukraine and how farmers should act to minimize the risks involved. The war in Ukraine is a major factor that causes big problems for farmers in Sweden as the prices of both inputs and market goods have gone up very much. This means that Swedish agriculture is exposed to a great risk since there is uncertainty about what will happen to the prices of goods of all kinds. The price variation is large, which means that it is uncertain what it will look like financially in the coming time. This means that farmers must rethink their planning and have a strategy that is adapted to the difficult conditions that prevail right now. The study was done with a qualitative survey where 7 different people in agriculture were interviewed. 2 of these are advisors and 5 of these are farmers with different production orientations. The areas represented are cereals, milk, beef, piglet and eggs. This was done in order to get a wide survey with answers from different orientations and get an understanding of how different agricultural orientations were affected by the war. Not knowing what will happen tomorrow is a difficulty that the interviewees pressed. With these large price variations and lack of goods, it is difficult to know if it is right to buy today, at a very high price, or wait until tomorrow when it may be cheaper, or the product can either be even more expensive or be out of stock. "It has never been so profitable to do the right thing but so expensive to do the wrong thing" is a quote from the market adviser who was interviewed, which highlights that the risks are great, so you must know what you are doing. All those interviewed agree very much that it is important to secure prices and to spread the risks in their company in order to be as safe as possible. Standing on one leg is far too risky now in these times. In animal production, it has been shown both before and now that those who produce feed for their animals themselves reduce the risk of price variations

Site demand adaption and production potential for birch in Gävleborg County

Large amounts of birch-timber are imported to Sweden, from particularly the Baltic States, since the domestic production can’t support the pulp industry. The goal of this study was to show the potential of birch and the area’s most suitable for birch production. The study was limited to Gävleborg County. Using site characteristics, site index (SI) for birch was estimated on all National Forest Inventory plots in Gävleborg County. Based on these estimations the site characteristics that gave the highest production for birch was found. To find the highest producing (m3sk ha-1 yr-1) birch sites in Gävleborg County and their size, a GIS-model divided in three classes was created. The birch production was also compared with the production-showing tree species (pine or spruce) on the plot to find the areas where birch best could match their production. The sites where birch had the highest production were low altitude and mesic sites with rich field layer type and slopes, in the southern parts of Gävleborg County. When birch was compared with pine and spruce, the sites where birch best could match their production were: low altitude and mesic sites with poor field layer type and slopes. Compared with pine, birch produced better in the southern parts of Gävleborg County, but that was not the case when comparing birch with spruce. The GIS-analysis showed that 15,4 % of all forested land qualified in class 1, the best class. In class 2, 57,4 % of the forested land was placed, and 27,2 % in class 3 with the lowest production.Vårt mål med den här studien var att visa att det finns alternativ till trädslagen gran och tall i det svenska skogsbruket. Det finns redan idag ett behov av björk till industrin och därför kändes det passande att skriva om vilka ståndorter som bäst lämpar sig för björkproduktion. Även ämnet ståndortsanpassning är väldigt aktuellt i nuläget och förhoppningsvis kan vårt arbete ge vägledning om vilka marker som björk lämpar sig bäst på. Detta arbete är gjort inom kursen kandidatarbete i skogsvetenskap på jägmästarprogrammet, SLU. Vi vill rikta ett tack till Ulf Johansson, försöksledare på Tönnersjöhedens och Skarhults försöksparker, för hjälp med att förstå regressionsmodellen, Mats Högström, Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning, för all hjälp med GIS-analysen samt vänner och familj för givande diskussioner och korrekturläsning

Relativistically invariant analysis of polarization effects in exclusive deuteron electrodisintegration process

A general formalism for the calculation of the differential cross section and polarization observables, for the process of deuteron electrodisintegration, is developed in the framework of relativistic impulse approximation. A detailed analysis of the general structure of the differential cross section and polarization observables for the $e^-+d\to e^-+n+p$ reaction is derived, using the formalism of the structure functions. The obtained expressions have a general nature and they hold in the one--photon--exchange mechanism, assuming P--invariance of the hadron electromagnetic interaction. The model of relativistic impulse approximation is introduced and the final state interaction is taken into account by means of the unitarization of the helicity amplitudes. A detailed description of the unitarization procedure is also presented. Using different parametrizations of the deuteron wave functions, the following polarization observables are calculated in the kinematical region of quasi--elastic deuteron electrodisintegration: the asymmetry for the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons on a polarized deuteron target, the proton and neutron polarizations (for longitudinally polarized electron beam or vector--polarized deuteron target). The sensitivity to the neutron electric form factor is also thorougly investigated. The predictions of the model are compared with the results of recent polarization measurements and a good agreement with the existing experimental data has been obtained.Comment: 90 pages, 17 figure

Interscale mixing microscopy: far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit

Optical microscopy is widely used to analyze the properties of materials and structures, to identify and classify these structures, and to understand and control their responses to external stimuli. The extent of available applications is determined largely by the resolution offered by a particular microscopy technique. Here we present an analytic description and an experimental realization of interscale mixing microscopy, a diffraction-based imaging technique that is capable of detecting and characterizing wavelength/10 objects in far-field measurements with both coherent and incoherent broadband light. This technique is aimed at analyzing subwavelength objects based on far-field measurements of the interference created by the objects and a finite diffraction grating. A single measurement, analyzing the multiple diffraction orders, is often sufficient to determine the parameters of the object. The presented formalism opens opportunities for spectroscopy of nanoscale objects in the far field

Past, Present and Future Eutrophication Status of the Baltic Sea

We modelled and assessed the past, present and predicted future eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea. The assessment covers a 350-year period from 1850 to 2200 and is based on: (1) modelled concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), chlorophyll-a, Secchi depth, and oxygen under four different of nutrient input scenarios and (2) the application of a multi-metric indicator-based tool for assessment of eutrophication status: HEAT 3.0. This tool was previously applied using historical observations to determine eutrophication status from 1901 to 2012. Here we apply HEAT 3.0 using results of a biogeochemical model to reveal significant changes in eutrophication status from 1850 to 2200. Under two scenarios where Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) nutrient reduction targets are met, we expect future good status will be achieved in most Baltic Sea basins. Under two scenarios where nutrient loads remain at 1997–2003 levels or increase, good status will not be achieved. The change from a healthy state without eutrophication problems in the open waters took place in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Following introduction of the first nutrient abatement measures, recovery began in some basins in the late 1990s, whilst in others it commenced in the beginning of the 21st century. Based on model results, we expect that the first basin to achieve a status without eutrophication will be Arkona, between 2030 and 2040. By 2060–2070, a status without eutrophication is anticipated for the Kattegat, Bornholm Basin and Gulf of Finland, followed by the Danish straits around 2090. For the Baltic Proper and Bothnian Sea, a good status with regard to eutrophication is not expected before 2200. Further, we conclude that two basins are not likely to meet the targets agreed upon and to attain a status unaffected by eutrophication, i.e., the Gulf of Riga and Bothnian Bay. These results, especially the prediction that some basins will not achieve a good status, can be used in support of continuous development and implementation of the regional ecosystem-based nutrient management strategy, the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan

Galectin-3 and fibulin-1 in systolic heart failure:relation to glucose metabolism and left ventricular contractile reserve

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) patients with diabetes (DM) have an adverse prognosis and reduced functional capacity, which could be associated with cardiac fibrosis, increased chamber stiffness and reduced left ventricular (LV) contractile reserve. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and fibulin-1 are circulating biomarkers potentially reflecting cardiac fibrosis. We hypothesize that plasma levels of Gal-3 and fibulin-1 are elevated in HF patients with DM and are associated with reduced LV contractile reserve in these patients. Methods A total of 155 patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction underwent a low-dose dobutamine echocardiography and blood sampling for biomarker measurements. Patients were classified according to history of DM and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as: normal glucose tolerance (NGT) ( n \u2009=\u200970), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) ( n \u2009=\u200925) and DM ( n \u2009=\u200960). Results Galectin-3 levels were elevated in DM patients as compared to non-diabetic patients ( P \u2009=\u20090.02), while higher fibulin-1 levels were observed in HF patients with IGF and DM ( P \u2009=\u20090.07). Reduced LV contractile reserve was associated with increasing Gal-3 levels (\u3b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.19, P \u2009=\u20090.03) although, this association was attenuated after adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate ( P \u2009=\u20090.66). Fibulin-1 was not associated with LV contractile reserve ( P \u2009=\u20090.71). Conclusions Galectin-3 and fibulin-1 levels were elevated in HF patients with impaired glucose metabolism. However, reduced LV contractile reserve among HF patients with DM does not to have an independent impact on plasma Gal-3 and fibulin-1 levels