La filosofía de la liberación como filosofía y praxis: una mirada desde la praxis bolivariana

Treball final de Màster Universitari en Estudis internacionals de Pau, Conflictes i Desenvolupament. Codi: SAA074. Curs acadèmic 2014-2015En el presente trabajo se hace una revisión de la filosofía de la liberación de Enrique Dussel, para ponerla en diálogo con la filosofía para la paz y observar algunas prácticas de liberación en la Revolución Bolivariana. Revisamos conceptos claves como la exterioridad, la alienación así como la crítica a la modernidad eurocéntrica, y la propuesta dusseliana de la transmodernidad. Las categorías más abstractas se concretizan en la categoría política del pueblo, que también representa el momento donde la revelación del Otro (Otra), cara-a-cara , reconstruye otros proyectos descolonizadoras desde la afirmación de la vida. Desde la praxis bolivariana observamos cómo la filosofía de la liberación se vincula con prácticas concretizadas en la Revolución Bolivariana. Éstas practicas se concretizan en el proceso del pueblo de la concientización y la praxis liberadora ante el poder fetichizado como también en el proceso Constituyente, el Poder Popular, y el ALBA. Observaremos que las prácticas observadas cumplen con tanto el criterio material, como el criterio formal de Enrique Dussel. La política liberadora tiene que cumplir con el criterio de la vida, pero asimismo con el ejercicio de la democracia, aunque esta debe ser reconceptualizada y descolonizada, para poder ser una democracia transmoderna a servicio del pueblo. Para la filosofía de la liberación, hay un momento pre-discursivo, de la solidaridad originaria. Ésta solidaridad intersubjetiva y la experiencia concreta de la praxis, es la base para que el pueblo puede construir una alianza y fortalecerse como pueblo, como el bloque social de los oprimidos y excluidos. El Otro y la Otra, desde la exterioridad y con sus potencias transmodernas, se conforman como una hiperpotentia en el poder. Como bloque solidario y consolidado, pueden entrar en la comunidad de comunicación en mayor simetría. De ésta manera no serán meramente incluidos e incluidas a participar en una Democracia Cosmopolita, definida por un ser masculino, occidental. Para reconocernos como interlocutores validos en el debate, hace falta entrar en la comunidad de comunicación en mayor simetría. Las propuestas universales tienen que descolonizarse desde la alteridad del Otro y la Otra, para dialogar con la modernidad y crear un proyecto transmoderno, que quizás podríamos denominar una Democracia Transmoderna Pluriversal. De lo abstracto a lo concreto, podamos observar que existen propuestas transmodernas descolonizadoras, que desde su exterioridad, construyen políticas-otras, proyectos-otros

Nursing perspectives and strategies in patients with respiratory insufficiency

Background Approximately 30% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit experience respiratory distress. The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to an enormous increase in patients with respiratory symptoms. Nurse competence is essential for ensuring quality treatment and care for these patients; however, research on nursing strategies for patients with respiratory insufficiency is limited. Aim This study explored nurses' perspectives on and nursing strategies in patients with respiratory insufficiency when admitted to three different intensive care units. Design The study had an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative design. Methods Four focus group interviews with a total of 20 nurses, critical care nurses, and critical care nursing students were conducted. Data were analysed using content analysis. Results Participants' perspectives fell into two main themes: “nurse competence” and “the art of balancing.” “Nurse competence” incorporated the sub‐themes “observations and assessments,” “to make decisions,” and “collaboration.” The theme ‘the art of balancing’ incorporated the sub‐themes “nursing interventions,” “patients feeling safe,” and “patient participation.” Conclusion This study contributes new knowledge about nurses' perspectives on patients with respiratory insufficiency. Nurse competence was assumed essential to observe, assess, and treat patients with respiratory insufficiency. Nursing strategies included balancing nursing interventions, conducting medical treatment, and taking a whole‐person approach to patients' needs. Relevance to clinical practice The COVID‐19 pandemic has shown the need for nurse competence in caring for patients with respiratory insufficiency. This study adds to existing literature emphasizing the need for competence in health care services. Caring for patients with respiratory insufficiency requires nurses with experience; competence in observation, assessment, and medical treatment; and a whole‐person approach to patients' needs.publishedVersio

Development implications and sustainability of biogas plants in Njombe District, Tanzania

This thesis focuses on biogas as a sustainable energy source compared to traditional fossil fuels commonly used in rural areas in Tanzania. It also examines the household’s usage and behaviour towards biogas, and if introduction to this technology can improve the development for the farmers in the area. Interviews with 11 farmers who had established biogas plants and 11 farmers without biogas were carried out. The methods used were both qualitative and quantitative in the form of in-depth and semi-structured interviews together with a survey. This study was conducted in Ibumila and Lunyanywi village within Njombe district in Tanzania. Biogas technology is highly relevant for the households keeping dairy cattle in Njombe with regards to cover the needs of cooking and lighting. The use of firewood, charcoal and kerosene has been significantly reduced after establishing biogas and women have more time to rest after the demand for firewood has been reduced, leading to improved health. From spending 2.5 hours collecting firewood, they are now using 20 minutes to perform the tasks for biogas production. This extra time is used for work on the farm and for other income generating activities, and the independence from traditional fossil fuels can save the households USD 375.65 annually. Biogas has led to a radical change in the division of labour. Gathering firewood was mainly the women´s responsibility, but after introduction of biogas the women only have the main responsibility in 4 of the 11 households, while in the remaining 7 households the fathers have got an increased responsibility of gathering the inputs for biogas production. This is also the case for cooking, where the lack of soot and smoke, together with the simplicity of cooking have resulted in 6 households were the father and mother have equal responsibility of cooking, and 5 where all the members share this responsibility, previously only performed by women. This shows that introduction to biogas have empowered women and differ highly from the households without biogas plants. Biogas technology is contributing in achieving 7 of the Millennium Development Goals, but there are also some limitations to biogas in the two villages. The total cost of establishing a biogas plant is USD 1,954, and even with a 50% subsidy covered by the farmer groups, the amount paid by the households is equivalent to double the annual income for the farmers without biogas plant, leading to a slow uptake of the technology and a trend where only the farmers who are more well off will be able to acquire it. The awareness regarding the technology is rather low, and there is also a limitation that the pipes are mainly leading into the kitchen, limiting the use of biogas for lighting other rooms and for heating, meaning that the households still have to use firewood, charcoal and kerosene to some extent