Caractérisation expérimentale en traction/compression/torsion d'un matériau biosourcé type PHA

National audienceDe nouveaux matériaux polymères biosourcés et biodégradables ont fait leur apparition depuis une dizaine d'années. Ces nouveaux matériaux sont une réponse intéressante aux problèmes de ressource et de recyclage-posés par les polymères classiques provenant de la pétrochimie. Ils présentent le double avantage d'être issus de la biomasse, mais également d'être compostables, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne génère aucun toxique en se dégradant, sous certaines conditions spécifiques d'humidité et de température. Nous nous intéressons dans ce travail à une classe particulière de ces nouveaux matériaux biopolymères produits par des micro-organismes : les PolyHydroxyAlkanoates (ou PHA). Les PHA sont des polymères biosourcés, produits par une grande variété de bactéries (Ralstonia, Pseudomonas,…) en tant que réserve énergétique intracellulaire. Ces matériaux présentent malgré tout un défaut important : leur élaboration reste encore souvent difficile à contrôler conduisant à un coût de production souvent prohibitif et limitant leur dissémination dans des secteurs plus conventionnels comme par exemple celui de l'emballage. Pour que ces matériaux aient une diffusion plus importante dans ce secteur, il s'avère nécessaire d'optimiser la forme et la tenue mécanique de ces produits d'emballage. Cela nécessite une bien meilleure connaissance de leur comportement mécanique encore peu connue pour l'instant. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a pour objectif de caractériser expérimentalement puis numériquement le comportement de nuances de PHA [1]. Le but est ensuite d'aboutir à un outil numérique de calcul, capable de dimensionner et simuler le comportement thermo-mécanique de pièces d'emballages en PHA telles que ceux produits par la société EUROPLASTIQUES, partenaire industriel de ce projet. Parallèlement à ce matériau biosourcé, nous étudions également un polymère plus classique, le polypropylène, avec deux objectifs. Tout d'abord l'idée est de valider la méthodologie d'essai, compte tenu du fait que l'on dispose déjà d'une identification partielle d'une nuance de polypropylène, le PPC7712 [2]. D'autre part, ce polypropylène étant également utilisé en emballage, il permettra des comparaisons finales sur les comportements de structures. Pour la caractérisation mécanique de ces matériaux, un dispositif original a été conçu permettant la réalisation d'essais de cycles multiaxiaux simultanés comprenant des phases de traction, torsion et de compression. Ce dispositif comprend une cellule de force à six axes et d'un montage spécifique pour le serrage et le maintien d'une éprouvette cylindrique (Figure 1). Cette éprouvette est obtenue par injection, elle se compose d'une partie cylindrique et de deux têtes hexagonales (Figure 2). Contrairement, aux essais classiques, où les éprouvettes sont maintenues et entraînées par serrage, l'éprouvette est ici liée par obstacle dans les deux sens des trois directions, sans serrage afin d'éviter, autant que possible, l'apparition de contraintes mécaniques initiales. Un système de mors comprenant des plateaux, des vis et des empreintes hexagonales permettent le blocage total de l'éprouvette, quel que soit l'essai envisagé. Le dispositif prend aussi en compte la dispersion prévisible des dimensions des têtes d'éprouvette par l'intermédiaire de lamelles flexibles entre l'accouplement au vérin et le blocage des têtes. Les déformations sont mesurées directement sur l'échantillon grâce à un dispositif de corrélation d'images en 3D (Aramis 4M, GOM), permettant également de vérifier l'homogénéité de la cinématique. Figure 2: Éprouvette de chargement multiaxial Figure 1: Dispositif d'essais multiaxiaux Ce montage original autorise des cycles de sollicitations successives ou combinées de traction, compression et de torsion (Figure 3), à partir d'une seule géométrie d'éprouvette. Dans la littérature, les essais de traction et de cisaillement sont réalisés habituellement avec des éprouvettes de géométrie spécifique à chaque essai. Dans ce cas, il est difficile d'être sûr d'étudier la même structure de matériau, celle-ci étant fortement dépendante du type d'élaboration et des cinétiques de refroidissement, elles-mêmes directement liées aux dimensions géométriques. Le dispositif expérimental développé ici permet d'effectuer des chemins complexes avec changements de direction et de cycles au cours d'un même essai et sur la même éprouvette, autorisant ainsi l'exploration de tout le plan déviatoire de déformation avec prise en compte de l'histoire du chargement. Pour la simulation du comportement de structures, nous utilisons un modèle de comportement 3D d'Hyper-Visco-Hystérésis (HVH) [2], implanté dans le code de calcul Herezh++ [3]. Il tient sa singularité au fait que le comportement du matériau est décomposé en une contribution additive. Tout en incluant un potentiel hyperélastique, cette loi permet de décrire le phénomène d'hystérésis non-visqueux ainsi qu'une dépendance au temps du matériau. Le protocole d'identification, permettant l'obtention des paramètres utiles à ce modèle, est simple et rapide car il ne nécessite qu'un unique type d'essais de traction/compression relaxation [4]

Single-Step Extraction Coupled with Targeted HILIC-MS/MS Approach for Comprehensive Analysis of Human Plasma Lipidome and Polar Metabolome.

Expanding metabolome coverage to include complex lipids and polar metabolites is essential in the generation of well-founded hypotheses in biological assays. Traditionally, lipid extraction is performed by liquid-liquid extraction using either methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or chloroform, and polar metabolite extraction using methanol. Here, we evaluated the performance of single-step sample preparation methods for simultaneous extraction of the complex lipidome and polar metabolome from human plasma. The method performance was evaluated using high-coverage Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-ESI coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) methodology targeting a panel of 1159 lipids and 374 polar metabolites. The criteria used for method evaluation comprised protein precipitation efficiency, and relative MS signal abundance and repeatability of detectable lipid and polar metabolites in human plasma. Among the tested methods, the isopropanol (IPA) and 1-butanol:methanol (BUME) mixtures were selected as the best compromises for the simultaneous extraction of complex lipids and polar metabolites, allowing for the detection of 584 lipid species and 116 polar metabolites. The extraction with IPA showed the greatest reproducibility with the highest number of lipid species detected with the coefficient of variation (CV) < 30%. Besides this difference, both IPA and BUME allowed for the high-throughput extraction and reproducible measurement of a large panel of complex lipids and polar metabolites, thus warranting their application in large-scale human population studies

The impact of sedimentary alkalinity release on the water column CO₂ system in the North Sea

It has been previously proposed that alkalinity release from sediments can play an important role in the carbonate dynamics on continental shelves, lowering the <i>p</i>CO₂ of seawater and hence increasing the CO₂ uptake from the atmosphere. To test this hypothesis, sedimentary alkalinity generation was quantified within cohesive and permeable sediments across the North Sea during two cruises in September 2011 (basin-wide) and June 2012 (Dutch coastal zone). Benthic fluxes of oxygen (O₂), alkalinity (<i>A</i>_T) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were determined using shipboard closed sediment incubations. Our results show that sediments can form an important source of alkalinity for the overlying water, particularly in the shallow southern North Sea, where high <i>A</i>_T and DIC fluxes were recorded in near-shore sediments of the Belgian, Dutch and German coastal zone. In contrast, fluxes of <i>A</i>_T and DIC are substantially lower in the deeper, seasonally stratified, northern part of the North Sea. Based on the data collected, we performed a model analysis to constrain the main pathways of alkalinity generation in the sediment, and to quantify how sedimentary alkalinity drives atmospheric CO₂ uptake in the southern North Sea. Overall, our results show that sedimentary alkalinity generation should be regarded as a key component in the CO₂ dynamics of shallow coastal systems

Emerging pharmacotherapy of tinnitus

Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of an auditory stimulus, is perceived by about 1 in 10 adults, and for at least 1 in 100, tinnitus severely affects their quality of life. Because tinnitus is frequently associated with irritability, agitation, stress, insomnia, anxiety and depression, the social and economic burdens of tinnitus can be enormous. No curative treatments are available. However, tinnitus symptoms can be alleviated to some extent. The most widespread management therapies consist of auditory stimulation and cognitive behavioral treatment, aiming at improving habituation and coping strategies. Available clinical trials vary in methodological rigor and have been performed for a considerable number of different drugs. None of the investigated drugs have demonstrated providing replicable long-term reduction of tinnitus impact in the majority of patients in excess of placebo effects. Accordingly, there are no FDA or European Medicines Agency approved drugs for the treatment of tinnitus. However, in spite of the lack of evidence, a large variety of different compounds are prescribed off-label. Therefore, more effective pharmacotherapies for this huge and still growing market are desperately needed and even a drug that produces only a small but significant effect would have an enormous therapeutic impact. This review describes current and emerging pharmacotherapies with current difficulties and limitations. In addition, it provides an estimate of the tinnitus market. Finally, it describes recent advances in the tinnitus field which may help overcome obstacles faced in the pharmacological treatment of tinnitus. These include incomplete knowledge of tinnitus pathophysiology, lack of well-established animal models, heterogeneity of different forms of tinnitus, difficulties in tinnitus assessment and outcome measurement and variability in clinical trial methodology. © 2009 Informa UK Ltd.Fil: Langguth, Berthold. Universitat Regensburg; AlemaniaFil: Salvi, Richard. State University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Elgoyhen, Ana Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentin

Localization of a 64-kDa phosphoprotein in the lumen between the outer and inner envelopes of pea chloroplasts

The identification and localization of a marker protein for the intermembrane space between the outer and inner chloroplast envelopes is described. This 64-kDa protein is very rapidly labeled by [γ-32P]ATP at very low (30 nM) ATP concentrations and the phosphoryl group exhibits a high turnover rate. It was possible to establish the presence of the 64-kDa protein in this plastid compartment by using different chloroplast envelope separation and isolation techniques. In addition comparison of labeling kinetics by intact and hypotonically lysed pea chloroplasts support the localization of the 64-kDa protein in the intermembrane space. The 64-kDa protein was present and could be labeled in mixed envelope membranes isolated from hypotonically lysed plastids. Mixed envelope membranes incorporated high amounts of 32P from [γ-32P]ATP into the 64-kDa protein, whereas separated outer and inner envelope membranes did not show significant phosphorylation of this protein. Water/Triton X-114 phase partitioning demonstrated that the 64-kDa protein is a hydrophilic polypeptide. These findings suggest that the 64-kDa protein is a soluble protein trapped in the space between the inner and outer envelope membranes. After sonication of mixed envelope membranes, the 64-kDa protein was no longer present in the membrane fraction, but could be found in the supernatant after a 110000 × g centrifugation

Structural neural networks subserving oculomotor function in first-episode schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Smooth pursuit and antisaccade abnormalities are well documented in schizophrenia, but their neuropathological correlates remain unclear. METHODS: In this study, we used statistical parametric mapping to investigate the relationship between oculomotor abnormalities and brain structure in a sample of first-episode schizophrenia patients (n = 27). In addition to conventional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, we also used magnetization transfer ratio, a technique that allows more precise tissue characterization. RESULTS: We found that smooth pursuit abnormalities were associated with reduced magnetization transfer ratio in several regions, predominantly in the right prefrontal cortex. Antisaccade errors correlated with gray matter volume in the right medial superior frontal cortex as measured by conventional magnetic resonance imaging but not with magnetization transfer ratio. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results demonstrate that specific structural abnormalities are associated with abnormal eye movements in schizophrenia

A micro-bead device to explore Plasmodium falciparum-infected, spherocytic or aged red blood cells prone to mechanical retention by spleen endothelial slits

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An overview of the mid-infrared spectro-interferometer MATISSE: science, concept, and current status

MATISSE is the second-generation mid-infrared spectrograph and imager for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) at Paranal. This new interferometric instrument will allow significant advances by opening new avenues in various fundamental research fields: studying the planet-forming region of disks around young stellar objects, understanding the surface structures and mass loss phenomena affecting evolved stars, and probing the environments of black holes in active galactic nuclei. As a first breakthrough, MATISSE will enlarge the spectral domain of current optical interferometers by offering the L and M bands in addition to the N band. This will open a wide wavelength domain, ranging from 2.8 to 13 um, exploring angular scales as small as 3 mas (L band) / 10 mas (N band). As a second breakthrough, MATISSE will allow mid-infrared imaging - closure-phase aperture-synthesis imaging - with up to four Unit Telescopes (UT) or Auxiliary Telescopes (AT) of the VLTI. Moreover, MATISSE will offer a spectral resolution range from R ~ 30 to R ~ 5000. Here, we present one of the main science objectives, the study of protoplanetary disks, that has driven the instrument design and motivated several VLTI upgrades (GRA4MAT and NAOMI). We introduce the physical concept of MATISSE including a description of the signal on the detectors and an evaluation of the expected performances. We also discuss the current status of the MATISSE instrument, which is entering its testing phase, and the foreseen schedule for the next two years that will lead to the first light at Paranal.Comment: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation conference, June 2016, 11 pages, 6 Figure

Learning the Optimal Control of Coordinated Eye and Head Movements

Various optimality principles have been proposed to explain the characteristics of coordinated eye and head movements during visual orienting behavior. At the same time, researchers have suggested several neural models to underly the generation of saccades, but these do not include online learning as a mechanism of optimization. Here, we suggest an open-loop neural controller with a local adaptation mechanism that minimizes a proposed cost function. Simulations show that the characteristics of coordinated eye and head movements generated by this model match the experimental data in many aspects, including the relationship between amplitude, duration and peak velocity in head-restrained and the relative contribution of eye and head to the total gaze shift in head-free conditions. Our model is a first step towards bringing together an optimality principle and an incremental local learning mechanism into a unified control scheme for coordinated eye and head movements