814 research outputs found

    Una figura legal: "calle"

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    IndexaciĂłn: Web of Science; Scielo.As a structural component of the urban realm, the street is usually taken for granted. A reflection on its very nature, particularly on the first regulations that framed its origin, gives clues about the roles that, in our contemporary reality, the street can take.http://ref.scielo.org/q9syj

    Collaborative Housing Processes: Paradigms in Transition from a North – South Perspective

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    As an introduction, this chapter explains the main differences and convergences in the context of housing provision between Chilean and European cities. The chapter describes moments of housing provided by the Welfare States and moments in which housing rights are subject of major financialization. Here, the text describes what this publication wants to highlight: ‘the culture’ of the collective in housing provision. Despite the different traditions and cultural contexts in cities in the north and in the south, the core question remains the same: how do the inhabitants in the city agree on the way they want to live

    Peripheral urbanization and the UNCTAD III building in Santiago, Chile: continuity and disruption in grassroots engagement

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    Research has found that contestation has gained more attention in the urban development of Santiago de Chile. This contestation is seen by some scholars as the reaction to the predominant technocratic way in which consensus has been reached in the spatial planning of Santiago in the last decades. This article wants to showthe potentials for rekindling collaborative city-building experiences in a setting of governance and political democratic processes. Therefore, this study reviews specific experiences of production of urban space from the 1960’s 70’s in Santiago, noted for complex interactions and presence of organized resident, workers and grassroots actors. An emblematic public building – icon of the socialist regime – and peripheral housing estates – that represent the model of ‘self-organization’ – are shown to reveal the diversity of actors that were involved, the context of their formation and the interdependence they perform to reach consensus in urban development

    Dynamic Response Of Plates Due To Moving Loads

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    An analysis based on linear theory is presented for determining the dynamic response and the conditions of resonance for a simply supported rectangular plate acted upon by two types of moving loads corresponding to: (1) a point force of variable magnitude oscillating about a fixed position on the plate, and (2) a point force of constant magnitude traveling in a circular orbit about a fixed position on the plate. In addition to the ordinary resonance as produced by a variable magnitude load concentrated at a fixed position on the plate, resonance of the plate may occur due to the changing position of the load on the plate. It is shown that an infinitely countable number of load movement frequencies may excite a given principal frequency of the plate for the m, nth mode of vibration. Numerical examples of typical deflection profiles and time rate of deflection buildup are presented for two sets of initial conditions corresponding to: (1) a load initially at rest on the deflected beam, and (2) an accelerating load dropped from zero height on an initially undeformed beam. © 1967, Acoustical Society of America. All rights reserved

    Metalloxid-beschichtete piezoelektrische Resonatoren fĂŒr die selektive Gassensorik bei hohen Temperaturen

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    Hochtemperaturstabile, resonante Nanowaagen aus Langasit und Catangasit werden mit gassensitiven, Metalloxid-basierten Sensorschichten versehen. Die Nanowaagen ermöglichen es, MassenĂ€nderungen bis in den nanogram-Bereich aufzulösen und können zum einen als gravimetrische Gassensoren (Mikrowaage-Modus) im Temperaturbereich bis mindestens 1000 °C eingesetzt werden. Zum anderen können durch ein angepasstes Elektroden-Layout auch die LeitfĂ€higkeitsĂ€nderungen der Sensorschichten erfasst werden (LeitfĂ€higkeits-Modus). Die simultane Messung gravimetrischer und elektrischer EigenschaftsĂ€nderungen der Metalloxide ist ein wertvoller Informationsgewinn im Vergleich zu konventionellen chemoresistiven Metalloxid basierten Gassensoren, der ergĂ€nzende Schlussfolgerungen auf die GasatmosphĂ€re ermöglicht. Ein potentielles Anwendungsgebiet derartiger Sensoren ist die Überwachung der OfenatmosphĂ€re von Entbinderungen, in denen organische Bestandteile, aus zum Beispiel pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Bauteilen, thermisch in einer Argon-SchutzgasatmosphĂ€re entfernt werden. Dabei werden gasförmige Kohlenwasserstoff-Verbindungen freigesetzt, deren Konzentrationsverlauf RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf den Fortschritt der Entbinderung erlauben. Methan und Ethen sind zwei Gasspezies, denen bei speziell ausgewĂ€hlten Prozessen eine besondere Rolle zufĂ€llt. Ein anwendungsbezogenes Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, Resonanzfrequenzverschiebungen von Nanowaagen, die im Mikrowaage- und LeitfĂ€higkeits 0,8Detektion dieser Gase werden PrxCe1-xO2-ÎŽ (x = 0,1 - 0,2) beschichtete Nanowaagen im Mikrowaage- und SnO2 und TiO2-ÎŽ beschichtete Nanowaagen im LeitfĂ€higkeits-Modus verwendet. Die Gase senken in AbhĂ€ngigkeit ihrer Konzentration (Untersuchungsbereich: 50 ppmV bis 10000 ppmV den Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Ofen ab. In diesem Zusammenhang Ă€ndern die Metalloxide ihre Masse, Dichte und elektrische LeitfĂ€higkeit, wodurch eine Verschiebung der Resonanzfrequenz der Nanowaage hervorgerufen wird. Im Mikrowaage Modus kann mit einer 5 MHz-Catangasit-Nanowaage bei 700 °C eine Massenauflösung von 51 ng erreicht werden. Damit kann der Sauerstoffaus- und einbau einer Pr0,1Ce0,9O2-ÎŽ Sensorschicht (337 ”g) in AbhĂ€ngigkeit des Sauerstoffpartialdruckes verfolgt und die entsprechende (Sauerstoff)Nichstöchiometrie bestimmt werden. Im LeitfĂ€higkeits-Modus wird in AbhĂ€ngigkeit steigender Gaskonzentrationen stets eine Verringerung der Resonanzfrequenz im Bereich weniger kHz beobachtet. Als mögliche Ursachen werden zwei ErklĂ€rungsansĂ€tze diskutiert. Erstens die Änderung der radialen Verteilung der MassensensitivitĂ€t. Zweitens das Auftreten der piezoelektrischen Versteifung der Langasit-/ Cantagasit-Substarte im Bereich unterhalb der SnO2 bzw. TiO2-ÎŽ-Sensorschicht. FĂŒr Gasmischungen aus Methan und Ethen wird eine temperatur- und konzentrationsabhĂ€ngige Verschiebung der Resonanzfrequenz beobachtet. Mit Pr0,2Ce0,8O2-ÎŽ und TiO2-ÎŽ-Sensorschichten, die im Mikrowaage- bzw. LeitfĂ€higkeits-Modus betrieben werden, ist es möglich, Methan und Ethen selektiv zu detektieren, indem die Resonanzfrequenzverschiebungen beider Resonatoren in der Form eines Kennlinienfelds dargestellt werden. Dazu werden die Resonanzfrequenzverschiebungen in AbhĂ€ngigkeit voneinander aufgetragen. Die SelektivitĂ€t gegenĂŒber konventionellen Metalloxid"=Gassensoren beruht dabei auf dem Informationsgewinn durch die Erfassung der MassenĂ€nderung der Pr0,2Ce0,8O2-ÎŽ- Sensorschicht. Der Gassensor konnte auch im industriellen Umfeld erfolgreich betrieben werden. Dazu werden StöreinflĂŒsse auf die Resonanzfrequenz mit einer Nanowaage ohne Sensorschicht kompensiert.High-temperature stable resonant nanobalances of langasite and catangasite are coatetd with gas-sensitive metal oxide-based sensor films. The nanobalances resolve mass changes down to the nanogram range and can be used as gravimetric gas sensors (microbalance mode) in the temperature range up to at least 1000 °C. Furthermore, the conductivity changes of the sensor films can be evaluated by an adapted electrode layout (conductivity mode). The simultaneous measurement of gravimetric and electrical property changes of the metal oxides is a valuable gain of information compared to conventional chemoresistive metal oxide based gas sensors that provides more details about the gas atmosphere. A potential area of application of this sensor is the monitoring of the furnace atmosphere of debinding processes, in which organic components are thermally removed in argon inert gas atmosphere from, for example, components manufactured by powder metallurgy. During this process, an increasing number of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds are released, whose concentration allows to draw conclusions about the progress of debinding. Methane and ethene are two gas species of relevance for certain processes. One applicationoriented aim of this dissertation is to investigate the physical reasons of the resonance frequency shift of nanobalances, which are operated in microbalance and conductivity mode, in methane and ethene containing atmospheres. To detect these gases, nanobalances are coated with PrxCe1- xO2-ÎŽ (x = 0.1 - 0.2) or SnO2-/TiO2-ÎŽ sensor films and operated in microblance or conductivity mode, respectively. The increase of the concentration of these gases 50 ppmv to 10000 ppmv results in equivalent reduction of the oxygen partial pressure in the furnace. Thereby, the metal oxides change their mass or densitiy and electrical conductivity, causing a shift in the resonance frequency of the nanobalance. In microbalance mode, a 5 MHz-Catangasite nanobalance can achieve a mass resolution of 51 ng even at 700 °C. Thus, the oxygen incorporation/release of a Pr0.1Ce0.9O2-ÎŽ sensor film 337 ”g is successfully tracked as a function of the oxygen partial pressure and the corresponding oxygen nonstoichiometry can be determined. In conductivity mode, a decrease of the resonance frequency about a few kHz is observed for increasing concentrations of reducing gas species. Two explanations are discussed. First, the broadening of the Gaussian distributed mass sensitivity. Secondly, the occurrence of piezoelectric stiffening of the langasite/catangasite substrates in the area below the SnO2 or TiO2-ÎŽ sensor films, respectively. For gas mixtures of methane and ethene, temperature- and concentration-dependent shifts of the resonance frequency are observed. Using TiO2-ÎŽ and Pr0.2Ce0.8O2-ÎŽ sensor films, which are operated in microbalance and conductivity mode respectively, methane and ethene can be detected selectively. Therefore, the resonance frequency shifts of both resonators are plotted versus each other. The selectivity compared to conventional metal oxide gas sensors is based on the gain of information provided by the mass change of the Pr0.2Ce0.8O2-ÎŽ sensor film. The gas sensor is successfully operated in industrial environments by compensating cross sensitivities on the resonance frequency with a nanobalance without a sensor film
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