TÉCNICA DE MICROAGULHAMENTO PARA TRATAMENTO DE ALOPECIA X EM CÃES

Alopecia X is a hormonal dermatopathy that affects mainly Nordic breeds and has as its characteristics the occurrence of bilateral and symmetrical, melanodermic non-inflammatory alopecia. It does not affect the distal region of the limbs and head, mainly affecting the cervical, dorsal and perianal regions. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs that the animal presents in the exclusion of endocrine dermatopathies such as hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism, in laboratory tests and in cutaneous biopsy. Treatment consists of castration, melatonin, trilostan and/or growth hormone. Recently, microneedling has been a viable alternative in patients with alopecia X. The present work aimed to report the use of the microneedling technique in dogs with alopecia X. Two male German Spitz dogs, 2 and 5 years old respectively, with alopecia and melanodermia in the dorsum and flank region and cervical, caudal and perianal region for more than 2 years were followed. After being characterized as alopecia X patients, the animals were conducted to the microneedling technique, exhibiting repopulation in the alopecia areas. The conclusion is that microneedling is a promising technique for the treatment of alopecia X.A alopecia X é uma dermatopatia hormonal que afeta principalmente raças nórdicas e tem como características a ocorrência de alopecia não inflamatória bilateral e simétrica, melanodérmica. Ela não afeta a região distal dos membros e cabeça, acometendo, sobretudo, a região cervical, dorsal e perianal. O diagnóstico é baseado nos sinais clínicos que o animal apresenta, na exclusão de dermatopatias endócrinas como hiperadrenocorticismo e hipotireoidismo, em exames laboratoriais e em biopsia cutânea. O tratamento consiste na castração, melatonina, trilostano e/ou hormônio do crescimento. Recentemente, o microagulhamento tem sido uma alternativa viável em pacientes com alopecia X. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar o uso da técnica de microagulhamento em cães com alopecia X. Foram acompanhados dois cães, machos, da raça Spitz Alemão, com 2 e 5 anos de idade respectivamente, com um quadro alopécico e melanodermia na região de dorso e flanco e região cervical, caudal e perianal há mais de 2 anos. Depois de caracterizados como pacientes alopécicos X, os animais foram conduzidos à técnica de microagulhamento, exibindo repilação nas áreas alopécicas. Conclui-se dessa forma que o microagulhamento é uma técnica promissora para o tratamento da alopecia X

ESTUDO DA OCORRÊNCIA DE OTOPATIAS EM FELINOS DOMÉSTICOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE FORTALEZA/CE

It is estimated that external otitis accounts for 2 to 10% of attendances at to the feline clinics, corresponding to a clinically challenging condition in this species. This work aims to carry out a retrospective survey of the occurrence of otopathies in cats in the city of Fortaleza/Ce in a period of 3 years, contributing to the establishment of the epidemiological profile of the region. The study was carried out through the co-participation of veterinarians, dermatologists and feline clinicians, and was elaborated retrospectively by evaluating clinical records of cats with a history of ear diseases. The data showed a higher frequency of otitis associated with infectious causes, with 30% of cats affected by the yeast Malassezia spp., 17% by coccus-type bacteria, and 1% by the dimorphic fungus Sporothix schencki, followed by otitis of parasitic origin caused by the mites Otodectes cynotis and Notoedres cati, corresponding to 18% and 2% of the studied animals, respectively. In the association between pathogens, the highest incidence corresponded to mixed infection by fungi and bacteria (17%). Regarding the breeds, SRD presented a higher overall frequency in the study, and male cats were more affected than females. Therefore, the importance of retrospective studies for single health is emphasized, based on the establishment of the epidemiological profile of the region and the identification of potential zoonotic agents.Estima-se que as otites externas estão presentes em 2 a 10% dos atendimentos na clínica de felinos, correspondendo a uma afecção clinicamente desafiadora nessa espécie. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento retrospectivo da ocorrência de otopatias em felinos no município de Fortaleza/CE, em um período de três anos, contribuindo para o estabelecimento do perfil epidemiológico da região. O estudo foi realizado através da coparticipação de médicos-veterinários dermatólogos e clínicos de felinos, sendo elaborado de forma retrospectiva avaliando-se fichas clínicas de gatos com histórico de otopatias. Os dados demonstraram uma maior frequência de otites associadas às causas infecciosas, com 30% dos gatos acometidos pela levedura Malassezia spp., 17% por bactérias do tipo cocos e 1% pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothix schencki, seguido de origem parasitária pelos ácaros Otodectes cynotis e Notoedres cati com 18% e 2% dos animais estudados, respectivamente. Na associação entre os patógenos, a maior incidência correspondeu à infecção mista por fungos e bactérias (17%). Tratando-se de raças, os SRD obtiveram uma maior frequência geral no estudo e gatos machos foram mais acometidos em relação às fêmeas. Logo, ressalta-se a importância de estudos retrospectivos para a saúde única, a partir do estabelecimento do perfil epidemiológico da região e da identificação de potenciais agentes zoonóticos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Epidermal dysfunctions in canine atopic dermatitis: Clinical impacts and therapies

Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammatory and pruritic processes. Recent theories propose that epidermal barrier failures can facilitate the entry of potential allergens, microorganisms and irritants, increasing the interaction with cells of the immune system, causing its excessive stimulation. Therefore, the present review aims to describe the main epidermal changes that contribute to the pathogenesis of CAD, as well as to present therapies used to recover the skin barrier. The most frequent changes in the epidermis of atopic animals involve transepidermal water loss, lipid and protein dysfunctions. Ceramides are lipids with structural functions, but they are also involved in cell signaling. These molecules, although present, have reduced concentrations in the skin of dogs with CAD, which is considered both primary and secondary defects of inflammatory processes. Other epidermal components, such as filaggrin, an essential protein in development and maintenance of skin barrier integrity, and antimicrobial peptides responsible for defense against pathogens and modulation of immune response, have mutations in atopic animals, contributing to the appearance of recurrent infections. These defects in cutaneous barrier may contribute to the pathogenesis of CAD, and such information helps in the treatment of this pathology, improving animal welfare with skin-healing therapies

DIFERENCIAÇÃO HEMATOLÓGICA E BIOQUÍMICA DE CÃES INFECTADOS POR LEISHMANIA INFANTUM, BABESIA SPP., DIROFILARIA SPP. E VÍRUS DA CINOMOSE

Patógenos virais, protozoários e helmintoícos podem ser transmitidos simultaneamente ao mesmo hospedeiro canino, através de vetores biológicos. A avaliação de parâmetros hematobioquímicos pode fornecer dados acerca da fisiopatologia das coinfecções. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o papel da coinfecção natural sobre o perfil hematológico e bioquímico de cães, naturalmente infectados por Leishmania infantum. Para tanto, foram utilizados 31 cães, distribuídos entre grupo controle (Grupo A, n=10) e grupo infectado (Grupo B, n=21), que foi subdividido em cães mono-infectados com L. infantum (Grupo B1, n=14) e co-infectados com L. infantum e Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp. ou vírus da cinomose canina (Grupo B2, n=7). Amostras de sangue e soro foram analisadas, respectivamente, para avaliação de parâmetros hematológicos e dosagens bioquímicas de AST, ALT, ureia, creatinina e proteína total. Previamente, os animais foram avaliados por métodos sorológicos e parasitológicos, para confirmar as coinfecções. O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo CEUA/UECE (4609061/2014). Os resultados foram expressos em média±desvio padrão e foram analisados pelo teste t-Student não-pareado com p≤0,05. Hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito, plaquetas, eosinófilos e linfócitos apresentaram valores reduzidos (p≤0,05) nos Grupos B e B2, quando comparados com o Grupo A; enquanto que os teores de AST foram maiores (p≤0,05), na mesma comparação. O valor de ureia foi maior (p≤0,05) no Grupo B e menor no Grupo B2, quando comparado com o Grupo A. Os valores de ALT foram maiores (p≤0,05) no Grupo B1, em relação ao B2. As co-infecções influenciam nos parâmetros hematológicos e os níveis séricos de ALT, AST e ureia são importantes na avaliação bioquímica de cães acometidos por Leishmania infantum, em relação aos animais não infectados. Cães mono-infectados por Leishmania infantum ou co-infectados com Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp. ou vírus da cinomose canina não diferem entre si, quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos avaliados na rotina clínica veterinária.Patógenos virais, protozoários e helmintoícos podem ser transmitidos simultaneamente ao mesmo hospedeiro canino, através de vetores biológicos. A avaliação de parâmetros hematobioquímicos pode fornecer dados acerca da fisiopatologia das coinfecções. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o papel da coinfecção natural sobre o perfil hematológico e bioquímico de cães, naturalmente infectados por Leishmania infantum. Para tanto, foram utilizados 31 cães, distribuídos entre grupo controle (Grupo A, n=10) e grupo infectado (Grupo B, n=21), que foi subdividido em cães mono-infectados com L. infantum (Grupo B1, n=14) e co-infectados com L. infantum e Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp. ou vírus da cinomose canina (Grupo B2, n=7). Amostras de sangue e soro foram analisadas, respectivamente, para avaliação de parâmetros hematológicos e dosagens bioquímicas de AST, ALT, ureia, creatinina e proteína total. Previamente, os animais foram avaliados por métodos sorológicos e parasitológicos, para confirmar as coinfecções. O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo CEUA/UECE (4609061/2014). Os resultados foram expressos em média±desvio padrão e foram analisados pelo teste t-Student não-pareado com p≤0,05. Hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito, plaquetas, eosinófilos e linfócitos apresentaram valores reduzidos (p≤0,05) nos Grupos B e B2, quando comparados com o Grupo A; enquanto que os teores de AST foram maiores (p≤0,05), na mesma comparação. O valor de ureia foi maior (p≤0,05) no Grupo B e menor no Grupo B2, quando comparado com o Grupo A. Os valores de ALT foram maiores (p≤0,05) no Grupo B1, em relação ao B2. As co-infecções influenciam nos parâmetros hematológicos e os níveis séricos de ALT, AST e ureia são importantes na avaliação bioquímica de cães acometidos por Leishmania infantum, em relação aos animais não infectados. Cães mono-infectados por Leishmania infantum ou co-infectados com Babesia spp., Dirofilaria spp. ou vírus da cinomose canina não diferem entre si, quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos avaliados na rotina clínica veterinária

Mupirocin Pemphigus-Like Drug Reaction in a Dog

Background: Pharmacodermia is defined as adverse reaction in skin, mucosa and appendages, which generates morpho-functional alterations in cutaneous barrier, inducing autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceous, which is known as the most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs. This disease involves autoantibodies against desmoglein and desmocolin molecules, being induced by the use of certain drugs. Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic activity, being effective against Gram-positive pathogens and used to control superficial bacterial folliculitis. Based on that, the aim of this study was to report a pemphigus-like lesions after topical use of mupirocin in dog.Case: An 1-year-old, uncastrated male, Poodle dog, weighing 13.8 kg was treated in a private clinic in Fortaleza. The main complaint was related to pruritus in abdominal and inguinal region, in addition of legs licking. Dermatological examination revealed melanic crusts, epidermal collars and diffuse pustules in inguinal, abdominal, perianal and thoraco-lumbar regions. The therapy was based on topical use of Mupirocin in form of 0.2% aquous spray. After drug administration, the animal presented urticaria, diffuse epidermal collars, papulo-crusted and pustular lesions, which were more evident in abdominal and inguinal region. Nasal erythema, binocular blepharitis, apathy and fever were also observed. Cytological examination and bacterial culture were performed, revealing inflammatory and acantholytic cells and no bacterial growth. Biopsy procedure revealed subcorneal pustule with presence of epithelial acantholytic cells and neutrophils, compatible with canine pemphigus foliaceous. The topical treatment of ocular lesions with 0.1% Tacrolimus associated with systemic treatment with high dose of prednisolone (1.2 mg kg-1). The patient improved the dermatological clinical signs, however, some side effects have already become evident, such as the presence of telangiectasia, polyuria, polyphagia and polydipsia. Heterodox therapy based on the use of azathioprine (2 mg kg-1) was chosen in order to reduce corticoid dose. After 3 days of therapy, blood material was collected for hepatic evaluation, detecting hepatotoxicity. From the results, azathioprine therapy was suspended, and only high-dose corticosteroid therapy (1.5 mg kg-1) was maintained. The patient presented a considerable improvement in the lesion after 10 days of treatment.Discussion: There have been reports that pharmacodermic reactions may be associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris. In some cases, the lesions regress after drug discontination. In others, the medication acts as a triggering factor, activating the genetic predisposition of patient, which develops the pathology even after therapy interruption. The drug related pemphigus-foliaceous is a well-recognized disease in humans, however this disease is limited to sporadic cases in dogs. The therapy was based in use of a high dose of prednisolone, which caused some side effects. Therefore, a heterodox therapy was chosen in order to reduce the corticoid dosage. At the first hemato-biochemical evaluation, the patient already presented significant alterations, being requested to suspend the prescribed treatment, although the owners already reported improvement of the dermatological lesions. Due to this, a higher dose of prednisolone was chosen, obtaining the best response among the therapies used since the beginning of the treatment. After clinical improvement, the gradual reduction of steroidal therapy was started in order to avoid side effects related to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This report provides evidences of Mupirocin as a potential triggering factor of pemphigus-like lesions in dogs

Patogenia, biomarcadores e imunoterapia nas dermatopatias autoimunes em cães e gatos.: Uma Revisão

The skin, the largest animal body organ, constitutes a barrier against tissue damage from pathogens, resident microbiota, chemicals and environmental factors. In veterinary medical clinic, the main complaint in dogs and cats involves skin diseases, ranging from infections by pathogens to immune-mediated diseases. The exaggerated immune response to components of cutaneous system involves mechanisms associated with humoral and cellular factors, known as biomarkers. Among such conditions, there are the bullous diseases, including pemphigus foliaceus, vulgar, erythematosus and bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus discoid and systemic, and dermatomyositis. The diagnosis of diseases is a medical responsibility and must rely on the medical history of the animal, laboratory tests including hematology, biochemistry, cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In this context, this review aims to review the pathogenic mechanisms, including mediators and cells, clinical signs, diagnostic tests and therapy used in the treatment protocol of the main autoimmune skin diseases in dogs and cats. With these informations, it is expected to contribute with updates about immunotherapies that are being used in humans and that eventually can be applied to Veterinary MedicineA pele, o maior órgão do corpo do animal, constitui uma barreira contra a agressão tecidual proveniente de patógenos, microbiota residente, substâncias químicas e fatores ambientais. Na clínica médica veterinária, a principal queixa em cães e gatos envolve a casuística das dermatopatias, que variam desde infecções por patógenos até doenças imunomediadas. A resposta exacerbada do sistema imunológico contra componentes do tecido cutâneo envolve mecanismos associados a fatores humorais e celulares, conhecidos como biomarcadores. Dentre tais patologias, destacam-se as doenças bolhosas, que incluem pênfigo foliáceo, vulgar, eritematoso e penfigoide bolhoso, o lúpus eritematoso discoide e sistêmico, e a dermatomiosite. O diagnóstico de tais doenças é de responsabilidade médica, e deve levar em conta o histórico clínico do animal, exames laboratoriais, incluindo hematologia, bioquímica, citologia, histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Neste contexto, essa revisão tem como objetivo descrever os mecanismos imunopatológicos, incluindo mediadores e células, os sinais clínicos, os testes diagnósticos e a terapêutica utilizados no protocolo de tratamento das principais dermatopatias autoimunes em cães e gatos. Com essas informações, espera-se contribuir com atualizações sobre imunoterapias que estão sendo utilizadas em humanos e que, eventualmente, possam ser aplicadas à medicina veterinária.