FOURTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO) AND A REVISION OF UNDOCUMENTED AND ERRONEOUS RECORDS IN LITERATURE

We present new distributional records of birds in Ecuador submitted to the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from September 2015 through July 2017. This report includes four species new to Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), two species new to Galapagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), five species with first documented country records (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), remarkable range extensions for eight species (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), new records of eight rare species (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) and new records of Nothoprocta curvirostris and Tyrannus tyrannus. We present the first Ecuadorian records of three subspecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus, Oxyura jamaicensis andina, although the taxonomic validity of the latter is debated). Further we discuss the subspecific identity of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota in Ecuador. Finally, we invalidate previous records of 43 species for mainland Ecuador and 6 species for Galapagos, as published in different sources, and reject a remotesensing record of Cypseloides niger. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1690 species (1632 confirmed and documented; 58 undocumented).Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido enviado al Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre septiembre 2015 y julio 2017. Incluimos reportes de cuatro especies nuevas para Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), dos especies nuevas para Galápagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), cinco especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), extensiones considerables de distribución de ocho especies (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), nuevos reportes de ocho especies raras (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) y registros adicionales de Nothoprocta curvirostris y Tyrannus tyrannus. Presentamos el primer registro en Ecuador de tres subespecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus y Oxyura jamaicensis andina, aunque la validez taxonómica de esta última sea debatida). Además, discutimos la identidad subespecífica de Petrochelidon pyrrhonota en el país. Finalmente, invalidamos registros previos de 43 especies del Ecuador continental y 6 especies de Galápagos que aparecen en distintas publicaciones, y rechazamos un registro mediante sensores remotos de Cypseloides niger. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1690 especies (1632 confirmadas y documentadas, 58 no documentadas)

Scanning Laser Polarimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography for Detection of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects

Purpose: To compare the ability of scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx-VCC) and Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect photographic retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 45 eyes of 45 consecutive glaucoma patients with RNFL defects in red-free fundus photographs. The superior and inferior temporal quadrants in each eye were included for data analysis separately. The location and presence of RNFL defects seen in red-free fundus photographs were compared with those seen in GDx-VCC deviation maps and OCT RNFL analysis maps for each quadrant. Results: Of the 90 quadrants (45 eyes), 31 (34%) had no apparent RNFL defects, 29 (32%) had focal RNFL defects, and 30 (33%) had diffuse RNFL defects in red-free fundus photographs. The highest agreement between GDx-VCC and red-free photography was 73 % when we defined GDx-VCC RNFL defects as a cluster of three or more color-coded squares (p<5%) along the traveling line of the retinal nerve fiber in the GDx-VCC deviation map (kappa value, 0.388; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.195 to 0.582). The highest agreement between OCT and red-free pho-tography was 85 % (kappa value, 0.666; 95 % CI, 0.506 to 0.825) when a value of 5 % outside the normal limit for the OCT analysis map was used as a cut-off value for OCT RNFL defects. Conclusions: According to the kappa values, the agreement between GDx-VCC deviation maps and red-free pho-tography was poor, whereas the agreement between OCT analysis maps and red-free photography was good

Aves exóticas en Ecuador: Segundo informe anual del Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO)

We summarize bird species records submitted to the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from July 2013 to March 2014. CERO compiles Ecuador’s official country checklist and updates it annually. We present four new country records (Amazonetta brasiliensis, Porzana albicollis, Haematopus ater, Chroicocephalus Philadelphia), one new country record that antedates earlier records (Vireo flavifrons), first voucher documentation for four species (Larus californicus, Pangara guttata, Conirostrum bicolor, Cardellina pusilla), and 26 significant range extensions or records of rare and poorly known species (Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Oceanodroma hornbyi, Sula leucogaster, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii, Butorides virescens, Ardea herodias, Egretta rufescens, Egretta caerulea, Eudocimus albus, Eudocimus ruber, Anas clypeata, Anas cyanoptera, Aythya afflnis, Gallinago delicata, Limosa fedoa, Larus delawarensis, Hydroprogne caspia, Glaucidium griseiceps, Chloroceryle aenea, Platyrinchus saturatus, Myiarchus crinitus, Tyrannus niveigularis, Knipolegus poecilurus, Doliomis remseni, Setophaga castanea, Lonchura malacca). Three records are from the Galapagos Islands (Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Butorides virescens, Egretta caerulea), while all others were obtained in mainland Ecuador. Six species are eliminated from the Ecuadorian list (Geotrygon violácea, Topaza pella, Attila bolivianos, Pachyramphus rufus, Pachyramphus validus, Lonchura atricapilla). Two additional records were postponed for further expert revision (Thalassarche cauta) or for additional evidence (Neomorphus pucheranit) and three submitted records were rejected (Patagioenas oenops, Hydropsalis maculicaudus, Colaptes rupicola). This information updates our knowledge of the distribution and status of poorly known species in Ecuador, as well as the national bird checklist that currently reaches 1673 species (1608 confirmed with voucher documentation, 65 hypothetical).Presentamos los registros de aves enviados al Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre Julio 2013 y Marzo 2014. CERO recopila la lista oficial de aves del Ecuador y la actualiza anualmente. Presentamos cuatro registros nuevos para el país (Amazonetta brasiliensis, Porzana albicollis, Haematopus ater, Chroicocephalus Philadelphia), un registro nuevo que antecede a otros previamente publicados (Vireo flavifrons), la primera documentación en el país de cuatro especies (Larus californicus, Tangara guttata, Conirostrum bicolor, Cardellina pusilla) y 26 extensiones significativas de distribución o registro de especies raras (Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Oceanodroma hombyi, Sula leucogaster, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii, Butorides virescens, Ardea herodias, Egretta rufescens, Egretta caerulea, Eudocimus albus, Eudocimus ruber, Anas clypeata, Anas cyanoptera, Aythya qffinis, Gallinago delicata, Limosa fedoa, Larus delawarensis, Hydroprogne caspia, Glaucidium griseiceps, Chloroceryle aenea, Platyrinchus saturatus, Myiarchus crinitus, Tyrannus niveigularis, Knipolegus poecilurus, Doliomis remseni, Setophaga castanea, Lonchura malacca). Tres registros provienen de las islas Galápagos (Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Butorides virescens, Egretta caerulea), mientras que todos los demás provienen del Ecuador continental. Se eliminan seis especies del listado nacional (Geotrygon violácea, Topaza pella, Attila bolivianas, Pachyramphus rufus, Pachyramphus validus, Lonchura atricapilla). Dos registros adicionales se pospusieron para revisiones más detalladas (Thalassarche cauta) o evidencias adicionales (Neomorphus pucheranit) y se rechazan los reportes de tres especies (Patagioenas oenops, Hydropsalis maculicaudus, Colaptes rupicola). Esta información actualiza nuestro conocimiento sobre la distribución y estado de especies de aves poco conocidas en Ecuador, asi como el listado nacional de aves que actualmente incluye 1673 especies (1608 confirmadas y documentadas, 65 hipotéticas)

FIFTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO), WITH COMMENTS ON SOME PUBLISHED, UNDOCUMENTED RECORDS

Wepresent new distributional records of birds in Ecuador evaluated by the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from November 2017 through June 2019. This report includes two species new to Ecuador (Pelecanoides garnotii, Conirostrum margaritae), five species with first documented country records (Thaumastura cora, Anous minutus, Setophaga pensylvanica, S. virens, Spiza americana), two species with first documented Galapagos records (Oceanodroma hornbyi, Egretta tricolor), remarkable range extensions for 15 species (Amazilia amazilia, Aramus guarauna, Vanellus chilensis, Attagis gayi, Anous stolidus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus elegans, T. sandvicensis, Eurypyga helias, Mycteria americana, Plegadis falcinellus, Gampsonyx swainsonii, Rosthramus sociabilis, Glaucidium peruanum, Thlypopsis sordida), new records of 16 rare species (Oressochen jubatus, Spatula cyanoptera, Podiceps major, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus belcheri, Pelagodroma marina, Oceanodroma markhami, Egretta rufescens, Plegadis ridgwayi, Buteo swainsonii, Megascops koepckeae, Tyrannus albogularis, Setophaga castanea, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Icterus chrysater, I. galbula) and additional records for 8 species. Finally, we invalidate previous records of Pyrilia pyrilia published in different sources, reject records of six species submitted to CERO, and discuss six previously published, undocumented records that might prove erroneous. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1696 species (1642 confirmed and documented; 54 undocumented).Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido evaluados por el Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre noviembre 2017 y junio 2019. Incluimos reportes de dos especies nuevas para Ecuador (Pelecanoides garnotii, Conirostrum margaritae), cinco especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Thaumastura cora, Anous minutus, Setophaga pensylvanica, S. virens, Spiza americana), dos especies con primera documentación en Galápagos (Oceanodroma hornbyi, Egretta tricolor), extensiones considerables de distribución de 15 especies (Amazilia amazilia, Aramus guarauna, Vanellus chilensis, Attagis gayi, Anous stolidus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus elegans, T. sandvicensis, Eurypyga helias, Mycteria americana, Plegadis falcinellus, Gampsonyx swainsonii, Rosthramus sociabilis, Glaucidium peruanum, Thlypopsis sordida), nuevos reportes de 16 especies raras (Oressochen jubatus, Spatula cyanoptera, Podiceps major, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus belcheri, Pelagodroma marina, Oceanodroma markhami, Egretta rufescens, Plegadis ridgwayi, Buteo swainsonii, Megascops koepckeae, Tyrannus albogularis, Setophaga castanea, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Icterus chrysater, I. galbula) y registros adicionales de otras 8 especies. Finalmente, invalidamos registros previos de una especie (Pyrilia pyrilia) que aparecen en distintas publicaciones, rechazamos registros de seis especies sometidos a CERO en este periodo y discutimos seis registros previos publicados, no documentados, que podrían ser errados. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1696 especies (1642 confirmadas y documentadas, 54 no documentadas)

RARE BIRDS IN ECUADOR: THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO)

Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido presentados al Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre abril 2014 y agosto 2015. Incluimos reportes de seis especies nuevas para Ecuador (Anas crecca, Thalassarche bulleri, Puffinus puffinus, Morus sp., Numenius americanus y Elaenia strepera), una especie nueva para el Ecuador continental (Fregetta grallaria), cuatro especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Calidris alpina, Larus argentatus, Stercorarius longicaudus, Tyrannus dominicensis), extensiones considerables de distribución de 14 especies (Podilymbus podiceps, Pterodroma phaeopygia, Charadrius semipalmatus, C. collaris, Bartramia longicauda, Calidris alba, Limnodromus scolopaceus, Phalaropus fulicarius, Stercorarius longicaudus, Sternula superciliaris, Chlidonias niger, Galbula dea, Elaenia spectabilis y Geothlypis philadelphia) y nuevos reportes de 12 especies raras (Aythya affinis, Sula leucogaster, Busarellus nigricollis, Stercorarius chilensis, Chordeiles minor, Psittacara wagleri, Philydor fuscipenne, Muscisaxicola fluviatilis, Pyroderus scutatus, Passerina caerulea, Vermivora chrysoptera y Setophaga castanea) y el primer reporte moderno de Oreopholus ruficollis. Además, presentamos el primer registro en Ecuador de Lurocalis semitorquatus semitorquatus y el segundo registro de la subespecie Petrochelidon pyrrhonota melanogaster. Finalmente, invalidamos los registros previos de Picumnus castelnau, especie que no habita en Ecuador. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1678 especies (1626 confirmadas y documentadas, y 52 no documentadas)

Transcriptome profiling of ontogeny in the acridid grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus

Acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Acrididae) are widely used model organisms for developmental, evolutionary, and neurobiological research. Although there has been recent influx of orthopteran transcriptomic resources, many use pooled ontogenetic stages obscuring information about changes in gene expression during development. Here we developed a de novo transcriptome spanning 7 stages in the life cycle of the acridid grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. Samples from different stages encompassing embryonic development through adults were used for transcriptomic profiling, revealing patterns of differential gene expression that highlight processes in the different life stages. These patterns were validated with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Embryonic development showed a strongly differentiated expression pattern compared to all of the other stages and genes upregulated in this stage were involved in signaling, cellular differentiation, and organ development. Our study is one of the first to examine gene expression during post-embryonic development in a hemimetabolous insect and we found that only the fourth and fifth instars had clusters of genes upregulated during these stages. These genes are involved in various processes ranging from synthesis of biogenic amines to chitin binding. These observations indicate that post-embryonic ontogeny is not a continuous process and that some instars are differentiated. Finally, genes upregulated in the imago were generally involved in aging and immunity. Our study highlights the importance of looking at ontogeny as a whole and indicates promising directions for future research in orthopteran development

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