How likely are adaptive responses to mitigate the threats of climate change for amphibians globally?

Whether species are capable of adapting to rapid shifts in climate raises considerable interest. Analyses based on niche models often assume niche conservatism and equilibrium with climate, implying that species will persist only in regions where future climatic conditions match their current conditions and that they will colonize these regions promptly. However, species may adapt to changing climate and persist where future climates differ from their current optimum. Here, we provide a first macroecological generalization to the approach of evolutionary rescue, by comparing the expected shift in mean temperature within the geographic range of 7193 species of amphibians worldwide, under alternative warming scenarios. Expected evolutionary change is expressed in units of standard deviations of mean temperature, per generation (Haldanes) and compared with theoretical models defining the maximum sustainable evolutionary rates (MSER) for each species. For the pessimistic emission scenario RCP8.5, shifts in mean temperature vary between near-zero and 6°C within the geographic ranges for most species, with a median equal to 3.75°C. The probability of evolutionary rescue in temperature peaks is higher than 0.05 for about 55% of the species and higher than 0.95 for only 12% of the species. Therefore, the predicted shift in mean temperature would be too extreme to deal with for almost half of the species. When evolutionary plasticity is incorporated, this scenario becomes more optimistic, with about 44% of the species being likely to shift their thermal peaks tracking future warming. These figures are not random in geographical space: evolutionary rescue would be unlikely in the tropics, especially in South America (Amazonia), parts of Africa, Indonesia, and in the Mediterranean region. Given the uncertainty in demographic and genetic parameters for species’ responses to climate change, we caution that it remains difficult to assess the realism of the macroecological generalization. In any case, it may be precautionary to assume that our results are not liberal, showing low probability of adaptation for most of the species and thus that the persistence of populations by evolutionary rescue may, in general, be unlikely in the long term

Simulating shifts in taxonomic and functional β-diversity of ray-finned fishes : probing the Mariana disaster

ITS was supported by stipends provided by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, #88881.129579/2016-01) and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development). SFG has been supported by CNPq (#303180/2016-1 and #402469/2016-0), CAPES/FAPITEC (#88881.157961/2017-01; #88881.157451/2017-01) and Instituto Serrapilheira (G-1709-18372). AEM and FM acknowledge funding from ERC (ERCAdG BioTIME 250189 and ERCPoC BioCHANGE 727440). ITS, PAM and SFG are members of the National Science and Technology Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of Biodiversity – INCT EECBio (CNPq/FAPEG).Environmental catastrophes may precipitate local species extinctions, hence altering community composition (i.e., β-diversity) at the regional scale. Assessments of the impacts of such disturbance may be hindered by the availability of sufficiently high-quality before/after data. However, simulations can provide key insights into the nature of the biodiversity change involved, even when data are limited. Using a simulation approach, we asked how disturbances might have affected regional patterns of β-diversity, following the ‘Mariana disaster’ at the Bento Rodrigues dam in the Doce River Basin. To do this we evaluated the possible consequences of different levels of local species extinctions on the regional taxonomic and functional β-diversity. Our analysis drew on information from all six neighbouring river basins and contrasted the β-diversity prior to the disaster with four hypothetical scenarios of species removal from the Doce Basin of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. We found that local species extinction increases regional taxonomic β-diversity as a result of a higher contribution of nestedness (from 13% to 19%). Functional β-diversity also increases, but with an even greater contribution of nestedness (67–81%). Our results suggest that, if the disaster prompted any extinction, this was likely to lead to altered patterns of regional β-diversity by making assemblages taxonomically more distinct but functionally more similar. These changes result from the loss of unique species and, in particular, their functional traits. Our work highlights the utility of simulation approaches in environmental impact assessment and conservation management in data-poor circumstances.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Corneal keratocyte transition to mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and reversal using serum-free medium supplemented with FGF-2, TGF-ß3 and retinoic acid

Keratocytes of the corneal limbal stroma can derive populations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) when expanded in vitro. However, once a corneal MSC (cMSC) phenotype is achieved, regaining the keratocyte phenotype can be challenging, and there is no standardised differentiation medium. Here, we investigated the transition of keratocytes to cMSC and compared different supplements in their ability to return cMSC to a keratocyte phenotype. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR demonstrated in vivo keratocyte expression of ALDH3A1, CD34 and keratocan, but not any of the typical MSC markers (CD73, CD90, CD105). As the keratocytes were expanded in vitro, the phenotypic profile reversed and the cells expressed MSC markers but not keratocyte markers. Differentiating the cMSC back to a keratocyte phenotype using non-supplemented, serum-free medium restored keratocyte markers but did not maintain cell viability or support corneal extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Supplementing the differentiation medium with combinations of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and retinoic acid (RA) maintained viability, restored expression of CD34, ALDH3A1 and keratocan, and facilitated production of abundant ECM as shown by immunofluorescent staining for collagen-I and lumican, alongside quantitative assays for collagen and glycosaminoglycan production. However, no differentiation medium was able to downregulate the expression of MSC markers in the 21-day culture period. This study shows that the keratocyte to MSC transition can be partially reversed using serum-free media and supplementation with RA, FGF-2 and TGF-β3 can enhance this effect. This is relevant for development of corneal regenerative strategies that require the production of a keratocyte phenotype

Global importance of Indigenous Peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world’s primates from extinction

Primates, represented by 521 species, are distributed across 91 countries primarily in the Neotropic, Afrotropic, and Indo-Malayan realms. Primates inhabit a wide range of habitats and play critical roles in sustaining healthy ecosystems that benefit human and nonhuman communities. Approximately 68% of primate species are threatened with extinction because of global pressures to convert their habitats for agricultural production and the extraction of natural resources. Here, we review the scientific literature and conduct a spatial analysis to assess the significance of Indigenous Peoples’ lands in safeguarding primate biodiversity. We found that Indigenous Peoples’ lands account for 30% of the primate range, and 71% of primate species inhabit these lands. As their range on these lands increases, primate species are less likely to be classified as threatened or have declining populations. Safeguarding Indigenous Peoples’ lands, languages, and cultures represents our greatest chance to prevent the extinction of the world’s primates.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global importance of Indigenous Peoples, their lands, and knowledge systems for saving the world's primates from extinction

Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved.Primates, represented by 521 species, are distributed across 91 countries primarily in the Neotropic, Afrotropic, and Indo-Malayan realms. Primates inhabit a wide range of habitats and play critical roles in sustaining healthy ecosystems that benefit human and nonhuman communities. Approximately 68% of primate species are threatened with extinction because of global pressures to convert their habitats for agricultural production and the extraction of natural resources. Here, we review the scientific literature and conduct a spatial analysis to assess the significance of Indigenous Peoples' lands in safeguarding primate biodiversity. We found that Indigenous Peoples' lands account for 30% of the primate range, and 71% of primate species inhabit these lands. As their range on these lands increases, primate species are less likely to be classified as threatened or have declining populations. Safeguarding Indigenous Peoples' lands, languages, and cultures represents our greatest chance to prevent the extinction of the world's primates.Peer reviewe

A representação visual auxiliando a comunicação para o beneficiamento do jeans: Visual representation aiding communication for the processing of jeans

Originalmente o denim se apresentava nas cores que variavam entre o azul e o verde amarronzado. Processos de acabamento começaram a ser empregados para agregar valor sensorial e posteriormente estético ao produto com valor de moda produzido com o denim. A roupa confeccionada com esse tecido passou a ser denominada jeans. Construir um fluxograma para auxiliar a visualização dos processos de beneficiamento do denim foi o objetivo do estudo que apresenta o jeans como uma roupa que veste todos os povos na atualidade

Aplicação dos métodos A1, A2 e do método da resposta incremental para ajuste de intervalos de calibração / Application of A1, A2 and the incremental response method for adjusting calibration intervals

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um estudo de caso experimental para ajuste de intervalo de calibração em uma célula de torque. A pesquisa é conduzida utilizando os conceitos dos Métodos A1, A2 e o Método da Resposta Incremental - MRI, que são procedimentos para a definição do intervalo de calibração em sistemas de medição. O estudo foi conduzido tomando-se como base calibrações da célula de torque, realizadas ao longo de quatro anos. Para a comparação emtre os métodos, foi criado ainda um software gratuito chamado AIC – Ajuste do Intervalo de Calibração, desenvolvido na linguagem de programação Visual Basic for Application – VBA, o qual realiza os ajustes de acordo com métodos estudados de modo otimizado. É ainda apresentado neste trabalho, uma análise de regressão com o objetivo de verificar o tempo em que haja necessidade da realização de um ajuste na célula de torque