Modelling and Terrestrial Laser Scanning Methodology (2009–2018) on Debris Cones in Temperate High Mountains

Producción CientíficaDebris cones are a very common landform in temperate high mountains. They are the most representative examples of the periglacial and nival processes. This work studies the dynamic behavior of two debris cones (Cone A and Cone B) in the Picos de Europa, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Their evolution was measured uninterruptedly throughout each August for 10 years (2009–2018) using the Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technique. The observations and calculations of the two debris cones were treated independently, but both showed the same behavior. Therefore, if these results are extrapolated to other debris cones in similar environments (temperate high mountain), they should show behavior similar to that of the two debris cones analyzed. Material falls onto the cones from the walls, and transfer of sediments follows linear trajectories according to the maximum slope. In order to understand the linear evolution of the two debris cones, profiles were created along the maximum slope lines of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 2009, and these profile lines were extrapolated to the remaining years of measurement. In order to determine volumetric surface behavior in the DEMs, each year for the period 2009–2018 was compared. In addition, the statistical predictive value for position (Z) in year 2018 was calculated for the same planimetric position (X,Y) throughout the profiles of maximum slopes. To do so, the real field data from 2009–2017 were interpolated and used to form a sample of curves. These curves are interpreted as the realization of a functional random variable that can be predicted using statistical techniques. The predictive curve obtained was compared with the 2018 field data. The results of both coordinates (Z), the real field data, and the statistical data are coherent within the margin of error of the data collection.Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional - Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant TIN2016-76843-C4-2-R)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant CGL2015-68144-R

La ventana modular aplicada en la rehabilitación

La ventana tradicional en España, a pesar de responder básicamente a unas premisas comunes, varía según la zona. Sin embargo, todas ellas tienen en común, funcionalmente, los siguientes aspectos: Iluminación natural. Ventilación natural. Contacto visual con el exterior. Hoy en día las ventanas siguen siendo prácticamente iguales a las tradicionales, solo hay mejoras a través de la incorporación de materiales de protección térmica y acústica. En el proyecto INVISO (Industrialización de Viviendas Sostenibles) -subproyecto 10 (Sistemas para la optimización del comportamiento eficiente de las viviendas)- que se está desarrollando en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en relación con los huecos de fachada, se ha diseñado el prototipo llamado VENTANA MODULAR, que integra estrategias tradicionales y mejora notablemente la iluminación y climatización del espacio interior. La ventana modular, es un prisma rectangular, una doble envolvente dinámica, que se modifica de acuerdo a las necesidades y que contiene los elementos necesarios para responder a los cambios estacionales, tanto diurnos como nocturnos. La ventana se caracteriza por lo siguiente: Permite al usuario controlar su propio ambiente interior. Favorece la iluminación natural y el contacto visual con el exterior. Permite la ventilación natural en todo momento. Protege las superficies acristaladas de la radiación solar directa y disminuye las demandas de energía en climatización. Protege el interior del espacio del exceso de ruido exterior. Mariano Vázquez Espí, refiriéndose a la rehabilitación, dice "...llegará el momento en el que solo haga falta rehabilitar o reutilizar, en el que la obra nueva sea una rareza, no la regla... de más de tres millones de viviendas construidas en España en la década de los ochenta, medio millón largo quedaron vacías, desocupadas, lo que representa la sexta parte de lo construido...”

Cambios geomorfológicos y evolución de una barra de arena en la desembocadura del río Lea, Lekeitio-Mendexa (Bizkaia)

Se presenta el seguimiento anual de los cambios morfológicos de una barra de arena en la playa de Karraspio (Mendexa, Bizkaia) formada como consecuencia de la rotura del dique construido en el siglo XIX para proteger el puerto de Lekeitio de los continuos aportes sedimentarios transportados por el río Lea. El intenso oleaje y los temporales rompieron el malecón de Lazunarri, permitiendo al río retomar su antigua desembocadura. Mediante el empleo en 2011 de un láser escáner terrestre (TLS) se han analizado desde entonces los cambios morfológicos experimentados por la barra de arena durante los últimos años. El seguimiento se realizó durante cuatro campañas entre octubre de 2012 y octubre de 2014; durante la primavera y verano de 2015 los trabajos de restauración de este malecón implicaron el retorno a las condiciones previas a la rotura.The monitoring of the morphological changes of a sand bar in the beach Karraspio (Lekeitio, Biscay) is presented. The annual coastal dynamics and the sand deposition were affected by several coastal storms given in 2011 that broke the Lazunarri dike in several parts. The dike were constructed in the 19th century to protect the sea port from the Lea River's sediment deposition and modified the estuary forcing the river to flow into the eastern side of the San Nicolas island. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) was used to register the morphological response of a sand bar to the changes in the river mouth and coastal dynamics. The monitoring was conducted in four fieldwork campaigns in October 2012, June 2013, October 2013 and October 2014. The preliminary results showed the migration sand-bar axis to the east and the erosion of the area close to the dike

Cambios geomorfológicos y evolución de una barra de arena en la desembocadura del río Lea, Lekeitio-Mendexa (Bizkaia)

Se presenta el seguimiento anual de los cambios morfológicos de una barra de arena en la playa de Karraspio (Mendexa, Bizkaia) formada como consecuencia de la rotura del dique construido en el siglo XIX para proteger el puerto de Lekeitio de los continuos aportes sedimentarios transportados por el río Lea. El intenso oleaje y los temporales rompieron el malecón de Lazunarri, permitiendo al río retomar su antigua desembocadura. Mediante el empleo en 2011 de un láser escáner terrestre (TLS) se han analizado desde entonces los cambios morfológicos experimentados por la barra de arena durante los últimos años. El seguimiento se realizó durante cuatro campañas entre octubre de 2012 y octubre de 2014; durante la primavera y verano de 2015 los trabajos de restauración de este malecón implicaron el retorno a las condiciones previas a la rotura.The monitoring of the morphological changes of a sand bar in the beach Karraspio (Lekeitio, Biscay) is presented. The annual coastal dynamics and the sand deposition were affected by several coastal storms given in 2011 that broke the Lazunarri dike in several parts. The dike were constructed in the 19th century to protect the sea port from the Lea River's sediment deposition and modified the estuary forcing the river to flow into the eastern side of the San Nicolas island. A Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) was used to register the morphological response of a sand bar to the changes in the river mouth and coastal dynamics. The monitoring was conducted in four fieldwork campaigns in October 2012, June 2013, October 2013 and October 2014. The preliminary results showed the migration sand-bar axis to the east and the erosion of the area close to the dike

Trapping of three-dimensional electrons and transition to two-dimensional transport in the three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3 under high pressure

[EN] This paper reports an experimental and theoretical investigation on the electronic structure of bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) up to 9 GPa. The optical gap of Bi2Se3 increases from 0.17 eV at ambient pressure to 0.45 eV at 8 GPa. The quenching of the Burstein-Moss effect in degenerate samples and the shift of the free-carrier plasma frequency to lower energies reveal a quick decrease of the bulk three-dimensional (3D) electron concentration under pressure. On increasing pressure the behavior of Hall electron concentration and mobility depends on the sample thickness, consistently with a gradual transition from mainly 3D transport at ambient pressure to mainly two-dimensional (2D) transport at high pressure. Two-carrier transport equations confirm the trapping of high-mobility 3D electrons, an effect that can be related to a shallow-to-deep transformation of donor levels, associated with a change in the ordering of the conduction band minima. The high apparent areal density and low electron mobility of 2D electrons are not compatible with their expected properties in a Dirac cone. Measured transport parameters at high pressure are most probably affected by the presence of holes, either in an accumulation surface layer or as minority carriers in the bulk. ©2012 American Physical SocietyThis work has been done under financial support from Spanish MICINN under Grants No. MAT2008-06873-C02-02, No. MAT2007-66129, No. MAT2010-21270-C04-03/04, No. CSD2007-00045, and Prometeo No. GV2011/035. The supercomputer time has been provided by the Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and the MALTA cluster.Segura, A.; Panchal, V.; Sánchez-Royo, JF.; Marín-Borrás, V.; Muñoz-Sanjosé, V.; Rodríguez-Hernández, P.; Muñoz, A.... (2012). Trapping of three-dimensional electrons and transition to two-dimensional transport in the three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3 under high pressure. Physical Review B. 85:195139-1-195139-9. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.195139S195139-1195139-985Mishra, S. K., Satpathy, S., & Jepsen, O. (1997). Electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride and bismuth selenide. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 9(2), 461-470. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/9/2/014Hor, Y. S., Richardella, A., Roushan, P., Xia, Y., Checkelsky, J. G., Yazdani, A., … Cava, R. J. (2009). p-typeBi2Se3for topological insulator and low-temperature thermoelectric applications. Physical Review B, 79(19). doi:10.1103/physrevb.79.195208Zhang, H., Liu, C.-X., Qi, X.-L., Dai, X., Fang, Z., & Zhang, S.-C. (2009). Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface. Nature Physics, 5(6), 438-442. doi:10.1038/nphys1270Hasan, M. Z., & Kane, C. L. (2010). Colloquium: Topological insulators. Reviews of Modern Physics, 82(4), 3045-3067. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045Moore, J. E. (2010). 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STM Imaging of Electronic Waves on the Surface ofBi2Te3: Topologically Protected Surface States and Hexagonal Warping Effects. Physical Review Letters, 104(1). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.016401Roushan, P., Seo, J., Parker, C. V., Hor, Y. S., Hsieh, D., Qian, D., … Yazdani, A. (2009). Topological surface states protected from backscattering by chiral spin texture. Nature, 460(7259), 1106-1109. doi:10.1038/nature08308Butch, N. P., Kirshenbaum, K., Syers, P., Sushkov, A. B., Jenkins, G. S., Drew, H. D., & Paglione, J. (2010). Strong surface scattering in ultrahigh-mobilityBi2Se3topological insulator crystals. Physical Review B, 81(24). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.241301Wang, Z., Lin, T., Wei, P., Liu, X., Dumas, R., Liu, K., & Shi, J. (2010). Tuning carrier type and density in Bi2Se3 by Ca-doping. Applied Physics Letters, 97(4), 042112. doi:10.1063/1.3473778Ren, Z., Taskin, A. A., Sasaki, S., Segawa, K., & Ando, Y. (2010). Large bulk resistivity and surface quantum oscillations in the topological insulatorBi2Te2Se. Physical Review B, 82(24). doi:10.1103/physrevb.82.241306Kulbachinskii, V. A., Miura, N., Nakagawa, H., Arimoto, H., Ikaida, T., Lostak, P., & Drasar, C. (1999). Conduction-band structure ofBi2−xSbxSe3mixed crystals by Shubnikov–de Haas and cyclotron resonance measurements in high magnetic fields. Physical Review B, 59(24), 15733-15739. doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.15733Analytis, J. G., McDonald, R. D., Riggs, S. C., Chu, J.-H., Boebinger, G. S., & Fisher, I. R. (2010). Two-dimensional surface state in the quantum limit of a topological insulator. Nature Physics, 6(12), 960-964. doi:10.1038/nphys1861Cho, S., Butch, N. P., Paglione, J., & Fuhrer, M. S. (2011). Insulating Behavior in Ultrathin Bismuth Selenide Field Effect Transistors. Nano Letters, 11(5), 1925-1927. doi:10.1021/nl200017fZhang, Y., He, K., Chang, C.-Z., Song, C.-L., Wang, L.-L., Chen, X., … Xue, Q.-K. (2010). Crossover of the three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3 to the two-dimensional limit. Nature Physics, 6(8), 584-588. doi:10.1038/nphys1689Kong, D., Cha, J. J., Lai, K., Peng, H., Analytis, J. G., Meister, S., … Cui, Y. (2011). Rapid Surface Oxidation as a Source of Surface Degradation Factor for Bi2Se3. ACS Nano, 5(6), 4698-4703. doi:10.1021/nn200556hBenia, H. M., Lin, C., Kern, K., & Ast, C. R. (2011). Reactive Chemical Doping of theBi2Se3Topological Insulator. Physical Review Letters, 107(17). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.177602King, P. D. C., Hatch, R. C., Bianchi, M., Ovsyannikov, R., Lupulescu, C., Landolt, G., … Hofmann, P. (2011). Large Tunable Rashba Spin Splitting of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas inBi2Se3. Physical Review Letters, 107(9). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.096802Hamlin, J. J., Jeffries, J. R., Butch, N. P., Syers, P., Zocco, D. A., Weir, S. T., … Maple, M. B. (2011). High pressure transport properties of the topological insulator Bi2Se3. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 24(3), 035602. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/24/3/035602Köhler, H., & Hartmann, J. (1974). Burstein Shift of the Absorption Edge of nBi2Se3. physica status solidi (b), 63(1), 171-176. doi:10.1002/pssb.2220630116Panchal, V., Segura, A., & Pellicer-Porres, J. (2011). Low-cost set-up for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in diamond anvil cell from 4000 to 400 cm−1. High Pressure Research, 31(3), 445-453. doi:10.1080/08957959.2011.594049Chervin, J. C., Canny, B., Besson, J. M., & Pruzan, P. (1995). A diamond anvil cell for IR microspectroscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments, 66(3), 2595-2598. doi:10.1063/1.1145594Piermarini, G. J., Block, S., Barnett, J. D., & Forman, R. A. (1975). Calibration of the pressure dependence of theR1ruby fluorescence line to 195 kbar. Journal of Applied Physics, 46(6), 2774-2780. doi:10.1063/1.321957Errandonea, D., Segura, A., Martínez-García, D., & Muñoz-San Jose, V. (2009). 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Physical Review B, 49(20), 14251-14269. doi:10.1103/physrevb.49.14251Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996). Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Computational Materials Science, 6(1), 15-50. doi:10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0Kresse, G., & Furthmüller, J. (1996). Efficient iterative schemes forab initiototal-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Physical Review B, 54(16), 11169-11186. doi:10.1103/physrevb.54.11169Blöchl, P. E. (1994). Projector augmented-wave method. Physical Review B, 50(24), 17953-17979. doi:10.1103/physrevb.50.17953Kresse, G., & Joubert, D. (1999). From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Physical Review B, 59(3), 1758-1775. doi:10.1103/physrevb.59.1758Perdew, J. P., Ruzsinszky, A., Csonka, G. I., Vydrov, O. A., Scuseria, G. E., Constantin, L. A., … Burke, K. (2008). Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces. Physical Review Letters, 100(13). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.136406Mujica, A., Rubio, A., Muñoz, A., & Needs, R. J. (2003). High-pressure phases of group-IV, III–V, and II–VI compounds. Reviews of Modern Physics, 75(3), 863-912. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.75.863Köhler, H., & Becker, C. R. (1974). Optically Active Lattice Vibrations in Bi2Se3. physica status solidi (b), 61(2), 533-537. doi:10.1002/pssb.2220610218Vilaplana, R., Santamaría-Pérez, D., Gomis, O., Manjón, F. J., González, J., Segura, A., … Kucek, V. (2011). Structural and vibrational study of Bi2Se3under high pressure. Physical Review B, 84(18). doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.184110LaForge, A. D., Frenzel, A., Pursley, B. C., Lin, T., Liu, X., Shi, J., & Basov, D. N. (2010). Optical characterization ofBi2Se3in a magnetic field: Infrared evidence for magnetoelectric coupling in a topological insulator material. Physical Review B, 81(12). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.125120Penn, D. R. (1962). 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Obesity and asthma: an association modified by age

[Abstract] Background. Some studies indicate some causal relationship between obesity and asthma, while others show inconsistent results. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of asthma according to obesity in children. Methods. A cross-sectional study, following the ISAAC study methodology, was conducted on two randomly selected groups consisting of 6–7 year-old children (n = 7485) and 13–14 year-old adolescents (n = 8496). The asthma symptoms and potential risk factors were determined from the questionnaire. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the body mass index. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results. Obesity was associated with an increase in wheezing ever (OR: 1.35) and exercise-induced asthma (OR: 1.62) in the 6–7 year-old group. No significant relationship was observed in the adolescent population. Conclusion. Obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of asthma in young children, but not in adolescents

Historical and current evolution of the coastline on the beach of Somo (Cantabria), by using aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning

Los trabajos topográficos llevados a cabo en la playa de Somo en el periodo 1988-1993 muestran ligeros cambios en la línea de costa. Para constatar estos cambios se ha estudiado el periodo 2001-2010 mediante fotogrametría, y desde el año 2011 se realizan dos mediciones anuales con láser escáner terrestre (TLS). Para este estudio, se ha seleccionado una porción de 400 metros en la playa de Somo, por coincidir con las mediciones del periodo 1988-1993. La aplicación de instrumentación geomática (GPS, estación total, TLS) y fotogrametría aérea ha permitido establecer dos grupos de periodos con comportamientos netamente diferentes. Un grupo donde no hay casi retroceso de la línea de costa arenosa: 1988-1993, 2001-2013, y otro grupo de retroceso acentuado: 1994-2000 y 2014. Este último año coincidieron temporales de grandes olas (mayores a 5 m) y mareas vivas que provocaron retrocesos de mayor rango en la línea de costa

Potential of the enological use of several Brazilian wood species on the phenolic composition and sensory quality of different wines

The use of wood species from Brazilian forests has not been the subject of studies on oenology. Thus, the main goal of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the impact of several different Brazilian wood species (Jequitibá, Jaqueira, Ipê, Amburana, and Grápia) on global phenolic parameters, chromatic characteristics, and sensory profile of one red and white wines during a short wood contact time. In addition, toasted European oak wood (Q. petraea) was also used. Regarding the specific impact of the use of the different wood species studied, red wines stored in contact during 15 and 30 storage days with Amburana, Grápia, and Ipê wood cubes showed the highest total phenolic content, while for white wines, the highest total phenolic values were detected for the wines stored in contact with Jequitibá, Jaquera, and Amburana wood cubes after 15 storage days. Regarding the sensorial quality, after 30 storage days, red wines stored in contact with Amburana and Jaquera woods obtained the highest global appreciation scores. For white wines, the highest global appreciation scores were obtained for the wines stored in contact with Ipê and Amburana wood cubes for 15 days

High-pressure vibrational and optical study of Bi2Te3

We report an experimental and theoretical lattice dynamics study of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) up to 23 GPa together with an experimental and theoretical study of the optical absorption and reflection up to 10 GPa. The indirect bandgap of the low-pressure rhombohedral (R-3m) phase (α-Bi2Te3) was observed to decrease with pressure at a rate of −6 meV/GPa. In regard to lattice dynamics, Raman-active modes of α-Bi2Te3 were observed up to 7.4 GPa. The pressure dependence of their frequency and width provides evidence of the presence of an electronic-topological transition around 4.0 GPa. Above 7.4 GPa a phase transition is detected to the C2/m structure. On further increasing pressure two additional phase transitions, attributed to the C2/c and disordered bcc (Im-3m) phases, have been observed near 15.5 and 21.6 GPa in good agreement with the structures recently observed by means of x-ray diffraction at high pressures in Bi2Te3. After release of pressure the sample reverts back to the original rhombohedral phase after considerable hysteresis. Raman- and IR-mode symmetries, frequencies, and pressure coefficients in the different phases are reported and discussed.This work has been done under financial support from Spanish MICINN under projects MAT2008-06873-C02- 02, MAT2007-66129, Prometeo/2011-035, MAT2010-21270-C04-03/04, and CSD2007-00045 and supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (MSM 0021627501)

Deep Inelastic Lepton Scattering in Nuclei at x > 1 and the Nucleon Spectral Function

The nuclear structure function F_2A(x) has been studied in the Bjorken limit for (l, l') scattering on nuclei in the region of x > 1 and was found to be very sensitive to the information contained in the nucleon spectral function in nuclei, particularly the correlations between momenta and energies in the region of large momenta. Calculations were done in a local density approximation using two different spectral functions for nuclear matter. Results are compared to those obtained for a spectral function which has been evaluated directly for the finite nucleus, ^{16}O, under consideration. For values of x around 1.5 and larger the quasiparticle contribution is negligible, thus stressing the sensitivity of the present reaction to the dynamical properties of nuclei beyond the shell model approach. Several approximations which are usually employed in studies of the EMC effect have been analyzed and their inaccuracy in this region is demonstrated. The results stress the fact that the nuclear structure function contains important information on nuclear dynamical correlations. Therefore further measurements of F_2A(x) in that region and for many nuclei would be most welcome.Comment: 24 pages, LaTeX, 11 PostScript figures, final version to appear in Nuclear Physics