Gravity and extended gravity: estimating a structural model of export entry

Exporters continuously enter and exit individual foreign markets. Although a given firm's status as an exporter tends to be persistent, the set of destination countries that a firm serves changes frequently. In this paper we empirically examine the determinants of a firm's choice of destination countries and show that their export paths follow systematic patterns. We develop a model of export dynamics where firms decide in each period the countries to which they sell. Our model allows prots from each possible destination country to depend on: (a) how similar it is to the firm's home country (gravity), and (b) how similar it is to other destinations to which the firm has previously exported (extended gravity). Given the enormous number of possible export paths from which firms may choose, conventional estimation approaches based on discrete choice models are unfeasible. Instead, we use a moment inequalities approach. Our inequalities come from applying an analogue of Euler's perturbation method to a discrete choice setting. We show that standard gravity forces have a much larger influence on sunk costs than on fixed costs of exporting and that extended gravity effects can be substantial.gravity; extended gravity; export dynamics; moment inequalities

Promoviendo la sana convivencia entre los participantes del Centro de Acogida Javier Molina. Secretaría Distrital de Integración Social, subdirección adultez

Servicio Social ComunitarioEsta investigación tiene como objetivo promover la convivencia entre los usuarios del centro de acogida por medio de actividades lúdicas que permitan mejorar las relaciones interpersonales en la comunidad. Se realiza una investigación cualitativa con enfoque social interpretativo y crítico social, se trabajó con población habitante de calle hombres y mujeres mayores de edad que se encuentran en el Centro de Acogida Oscar Javier Molina; este proyecto consta de dos fases: la primera de diagnóstico de necesidades y la segunda de intervención; para la recolección de información se utilizó la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas (individual y grupal), encuestas y diarios de campo. En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos en la fase I de diagnóstico, se logró obtener información relevante por medio de una categorización la cual permitió identificar las problemáticas y necesidades que presentaba la comunidad habitante de calle en el centro de acogida OJM. Por otro lado, en la Fase II se logró desarrollar un programa de intervención para mejorar la convivencia de los usuarios del centro de acogida OJM, por medio de actividades lúdicas encaminadas al valor del respeto, la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo.PregradoPsicólog

Contabilidad y sostenibilidad ambiental

La problemática ambiental implica desafíos importantes para la profesión contable, como la necesidad de proponer soluciones de orden informativo, de medición, reconocimiento y valoración, lo cual supone transformaciones que resuelvan los problemas concretos, con un tratamiento especial que permita que esta disciplina ambiental se involucre en la conjugación del bien común con el equilibrio natural, reflejados en los Estados Financieros de las organizaciones. El concepto de desarrollo sostenible replantea en primer lugar, la concepción de que el hombre no es el centro de la economía y más bien lo situé como un elemento del sistema, otro tema abordado son las herramienta interdisciplinarias, pero lo que se hace evidente es la necesidad del mejoramiento de vida de los países menos favorecidos con una mejor redistribución de la renta, y así llevar a un equilibrio económico mundial, con un crecimiento poblacional controlado que disminuya la presión de gasto de recursos

Critical thinking and the effect in students in advanced levels of the Foreign Languages Departament

Why is it important for university students to study critical thinking? It is a question that can be approached from different perspectives. From a purely etymological point of view, it reveals its importance from the Greek and Latin roots of which words like "critical" and "thought” are derived. At the social level, the development of critical thinking reveals its importance for the fundamental role it plays in social processes of democratic nature in which the formation of conscious and responsible citizens is possible. From a pedagogical perspective, this issue, along with its importance, It is supported by institutions like the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which formulates the guiding principles for university education, in which the development of thinking occupies a critical role. Taking the etymology of the word, “critical” comes from the Greek Kritikós, meaning "critical, well-judging (from Krino, Judging, distinguish)”. Critical is specifically defined in the dictionary of Greek roots of Castilian vocabulary as "related to crisis or to the criticism, who performs criticism" (p. 431). Such definition is a crucial link with another Greek root word “Krísis” as defined in the dictionary as "judgement, decision”. This link established from the etymology of the word reveals the relationship between crisis and critical. In a globalized world, where advances in science, changing values and the diversity of ways of understanding the world at all levels make the crisis a constant condition. The word “thinking” refers to “think from the Latin pensare; think, consider, discuss, examine something good in order to judge" (Royal Spanish Academy of Language, 1970). This definition specifies that thinking is a verb; it is related to concepts such as crisis, and critical thinking. Thinking critically has a fundamental role in a world that is hit by a crisis in all orders, social, politic, and economic that constantly demands the presence of more men and women capableof acting with responsibility in the search for solutions to all kinds of conflicts. Good criticism is not just a definition; it is a demand of what is expected from all and each who feels identified directly or indirectly with the crisis that is affecting our world. From the pedagogical aspect, Lipmann (1990) focuses on the importance of critical thinking study and its development in the formation of responsible citizens that must be reflective and not just informed, capable of responding correctly to the problematic situations; this could only be possible in a society in which education plays its role in the development of thinking and not just learning. Education, in terms of learning, treats the student like someone more passive than active, underestimating the student’s capacity to research which is the fundamental condition to the development of critical thinking. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) stated at the world conference on higher education in the XXI century (UNESCO 1999) that critical thinking is one of the fundamental principles for higher education

SIDEROPHORES FOR SELECTIVE SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION OF STRATEGIC ELEMENTS

All over the world, industrial mining is leaving contaminated areas and dumps that, although being full of valuable metals, have high concentrations of toxic heavy metals that pollute the environment. The development of sustainable alternative biomining and bioremediation processes offers the potential to fully exploit these unexploited mining sites

Análisis de género del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes españoles

In European countries, there is a high incidence of alcohol consumption among the young. Taking a gender perspective, the aim of this study is to find out what factors act as motivations in Spanish young people’s alcohol consumption. We carried out a qualitative investigation using in-depth interviews of 24 young people. The results show that peer pressure and family permissiveness can have an influence on their alcohol consumption patterns, while easy access to alcohol and the positive social view of alcoholic drinks in Spain are factors that also bring about heavy drinking.En los países europeos hay una alta incidencia de consumo de alcohol entre la juventud. Este trabajo pretende conocer cuáles son las motivaciones de jóvenes españoles para consumir alcohol a partir de la perspectiva de género. Se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa con entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas a 24 jóvenes. Los resultados revelan que la presión del grupo de iguales y la permisividad familiar tienen influencia en los patrones de consumo, así mismo la facilidad en el acceso al alcohol y la valoración social positiva del alcohol también influye en el consumo excesivo.This work was supported by the National Plan of Scientific and Technical Innovation Research. Ministry of Industry, Economy and Competitiveness (Spain). National Research Agency under Grant number FEM2016-77116-C2-1-R. MINECO/FEDER, UE)

Risk/benefit considerations of a new formulation of wheat-based biscuit supplemented with different amounts of chia flour

The incorporation of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in the formulation of certain foods may be particularly desirable from a nutritional and healthy point of view. The effect of addition of chia flour on the nutritional properties and the formation of process contaminants in wheat flour-based biscuits was investigated. Higher percentage of chia flour in the formula increased the antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, protein, fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids content, then resulting in a nutritionally enhanced product. However levels of process contaminants were also increased and thus acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural ranged between 151 and 1188 mg/kg, 22.8e71.4 mg/kg and 1.3 e5.6 mg/kg, respectively, when chia was added in a range of 0e20% of the total weight. In parallel, the formation of dicarbonyl compounds, such as methylglyoxal and glyoxal, were significantly increased with addition of 5%. Lipid oxidation, particularly polymerization compounds, was accelerated in chiaenriched biscuits, which decreased the shelf-life of the product by promoting a rapid rancidity under accelerated storage conditions. Therefore, although nutritional properties are improved by the incorporation of chia into the biscuits, the increase in the content of process contaminants and the extent of the lipid oxidation should be carefully considered in a context of risk/benefit. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was funded by projects S1013/ABI-3028-AVANSECAL (CAM) and CSIC-201370E027.Peer reviewe