Entraînement fractionné de haute intensité: effets sur l'activité de la maladie et les risques de maladies cardiovasculaires chez les adultes atteints de polyarthrite rhumatoïde : travail de Bachelor

Introduction : La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est une des maladies inflammatoires chroniques les plus répandues. En plus de provoquer des déficiences fonctionnelles importantes, elle augmente aussi le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires. L’activité physique à dominance aérobie permet de réduire la mortalité liée aux maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD) chez les personnes atteintes de PR. Il se pourrait que l’entraînement fractionné de haute intensité (HIIT) soit efficace dans la diminution du risque de CVD, sans effets délétères sur l’activité de la maladie. Objectif : Evaluer si le HIIT diminue le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires et améliore les capacités fonctionnelles sans aggraver la maladie chez des adultes souffrants de PR. Méthode : Les recherches ont été effectuées sur les bases de données PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane et Embase. Trois études ont été sélectionnées : une RCT et deux études pilotes. Ces études ont été évaluées à l’aide de la grille d’évaluation d’études quantitatives “McMaster”. Résultats : Au regard du niveau d’invalidité, de l’activité de la maladie et de l’inflammation, les trois études sélectionnées montrent que le HIIT n’est pas néfaste pour les personnes atteintes de PR. Elles démontrent également que la capacité aérobie est améliorée significativement par cet entraînement. Les résultats sont plus mitigés par rapport aux capacités fonctionnelles. Conclusion : Le HIIT semble prometteur pour le traitement non-pharmaceutique de la PR. Notre revue montre une augmentation de la capacité aérobie (VO2max et VO2pic), corrélée à une diminution des risques de CVD. La maladie n’est pas péjorée par cet entraînement. Les résultats sont plus mitigés concernant les capacités fonctionnelles. Ces résultats sont à prendre avec prudence au vus des biais de cette revue

Sustainable–Smart–Resilient–Low Carbon–Eco–Knowledge Cities; Making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization

Over the last couple of decades, metropolitan areas around the world have been engaged in a multitude of initiatives aimed at upgrading urban infrastructure and services, with a view to creating better environmental, social and economic conditions and enhancing cities' attractiveness and competitiveness. Reflecting these developments, many new categories of 'cities' have entered the policy discourse: 'sustainable cities'; 'green cities'; 'digital cities'; 'smart cities'; intelligent cities'; 'information cities'; 'knowledge cities'; 'resilient cities'; 'eco-cities'; 'low carbon cities'; 'liveable cities'; and even combinations, such as 'low carbon eco-cities' and 'ubiquitous eco-cities’. In practice, these terms often appear to be used interchangeably by policy makers, planners and developers. However, the question arises whether these categories nevertheless each embody distinct conceptual perspectives, which would have implications for how they are understood theoretically and applied in policy. In response, this article investigates, through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, how the twelve most frequent city categories are conceptualised individually and in relation to one another in the academic literature. We hypothesize that, notwithstanding some degree of overlap and cross-fertilization, in their essence the observed categories each harbour particular conceptual perspectives that render them distinctive. This is borne out by the findings, which demonstrate robustly for the first time the conceptual differences and interrelationships among twelve dominant city categories. The 'sustainable city' is the most frequently occurring category and, in a map of keyword co-occurrences, by far the largest and most interconnected node, linked closely to the 'eco-city' and 'green city' concepts. Recently, the more narrow concepts of 'low carbon city' and 'smart city' have been on the rise, judging by their frequency of occurrence in academic journals; the latter in particular appears to have become an increasingly dominant category of urban modernization policy. On their part, ‘resilient city’ and ‘knowledge city’ represent distinct concepts, albeit with comparatively low frequency. Overall, the findings point to the need for rigor and nuance in the use of these terms, not least if one wishes to comprehend their implications for urban development and regeneration policy and practice

Strategic satisficing : civil-military relations and French intervention in Africa

Few issues are more important yet less understood than outside interventions in intra-state conflicts. Under what circumstances do intervening states further their interests and when, contrarily, do they plunge into quagmires? France is a critical case. It is, statistically, the world’s second intervenor and earned the sobriquet of Africa’s gendarme through frequent interventions in African wars. The ability of such a medium-sized state to intervene with greater regularity and ostensible success than larger powers raises questions about how France manages its interventions. Do French interventions draw on the French Army’s distinctive “school” of population-centric counterinsurgency, which emphasizes the need to militarize governance in pursuit of comprehensive victories? Or do the French Fifth Republic’s civil-military institutions encourage policymakers to carefully regulate force’s employment in pursuit of limited ends? This study draws on declassified archives to test which approach most characterizes French interventions. To preview my conclusions, strategic satisficing—the use of minimal force for short durations to produce satisfactory outcomes—distinguishes the Fifth Republic’s interventions from other powers’ practices and prior French counterinsurgencies. This particular form of interventionism enables France to influence a disproportionately large number of intra-state conflicts and maintain a network of security agreements with African states.PostprintPeer reviewe