Use of benzoic acid for piglets

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de ácido benzoico (Vevovitall®) na dieta sobre o desempenho e a morfologia intestinal do duodeno de leitões de 28 a 70 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 leitões Dalland × Penarlan desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, separados por sexo. O experimento foi dividido em fases pré-inicial 1 (28 a 35 dias de idade), pré-inicial 2 (36 a 46 dias de idade) e fase inicial (47 a 70 dias idade). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental tipo blocos ao acaso com 5 tratamentos, cada um com 8 repetições de 4 animais, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais. Foram utilizados quatro níveis de ácido benzoico (0; 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75%) e um tratamento testemunha com ácido fumárico. Abateram-se, aos 70 dias de idade, dois animais por repetição para coleta de amostras do duodeno e estudo da morfologia intestinal e um animal por repetição para estudo de lesões gástricas. Foram avaliadas as características de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar) para cada fase e para o período total. Como características morfológicas, foram avaliadas a altura das vilosidades, a profundidade de criptas e a relação altura de vilosidades/profundidade de criptas. Avaliou-se ainda a incidência de diarreia. No período de 28 a 70 dias, o uso de ácido benzoico influencia o desempenho de suínos, que neste estudo foi melhor os níveis de 0,50 e 0,75%, e reduz a incidência de diarreia. Animais alimentados com dietas contendo ácido benzoico apresentam maior altura de vilosidade e profundidade de criptas.An experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of different levels of benzoic acid (Vevovitall) on the performance and intestinal morphology of the duodenum in piglets from 28 to 70 days of age. One hundred and sixty Dalland × Penarlan piglets weaned at 21 day old, separated by sex, were used. The experiment was divided into pre-initial 1 (28 to 35 days), pre-initial 2 (36 to 46 days) and initial (47 to 70 days) phases. A randomized complete block design was used with 5 treatments and 8 replications, totaling 40 experimental units. Four levels of benzoic acid (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%) were used and a control with acid fumaric in the diets. Two animals were slaughtered per replication at 70 days of age to collect duodenum samples to study the intestinal morphology and one animal per replication to study gastric lesions. The following characteristics were assessed: performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion) for each phase and the entire period. The following were assessed as morphological characteristics the villous height, duodenum crypts depth and the villous height/duodenum crypt depth ratio. Diarrhea incidence was also evaluated. The use of benzoic acid improved performance and reduced diarrhea incidence of piglets from 28 to 70 days of age, with the best results obtained by using 0.50 and 0.75%. Animals fed with the diets containing benzoic acid presented greater villous height and crypt depth

Metabolizable energy values of diets supplemented with xylanase determined with laying hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of xylanase in diets with reduced energy level on the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen, determined with laying hens at 14, 36, 60 and 80 weeks of age. Four digestibility trials were conducted, using 80 Hy-line W36 laying hens aged 14, 36, 60 and 80 weeks of age. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (energy level x inclusion of xylanase), totaling four treatments with 10 replicates of two birds each. Treatments were: positive control (balanced diet for their age); positive control + xylanase; negative control (diet with reduction of 100 kcal/kg in the level of metabolizable energy); and negative control + xylanase. Xylanase, produced by microorganism Trichoderma reesei, was added to the diets at 100 g/t (16,000 BXU/kg) for diets fed at 14 weeks and 75 g/t for diets of 36, 60 and 80 weeks (12,000 BXU/kg). The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. Supplementation of xylanase promoted higher values for AME (apparent metabolizable energy) and AME(n) (apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen) determined with 80-week-old laying hens, subjected to diet with energy level according to the nutritional requirements for their age. Supplementation of xylanase increases the matabolizability coefficient of the dietary crude protein and improves the nitrogen retention of laying hens at 14 weeks. In addition, xylanase associated with adequate levels of dietary energy promotes higher values for AME and AME(n) determined with laying hens at 80 weeks of age

Graded levels of phytase on performance, bone mineralization and carcass traits of broiler fed reduced dicalcium phosphate

Objective This study was conducted to assess increasing doses of phytase added to broiler diets formulated with different levels of available phosphorus (avP), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na), and the respective effects on performance parameters, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of organs. Methods Three different matrices were assumed for phytase with the following nutritional values: matrix A (MT A): 0.165% Ca, 0.150% avP, and 0.035% Na; matrix B (MT B): 0.215% Ca, 0.195% avP, and 0.045% Na; matrix C (MT C): 0.245% Ca, 0.225% avP, and 0.053% Na. There were six different diets: No phytase (formulated to meet the nutritional requirements); phytase 500 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,000 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,500 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,000 FTU/kg+MT B and phytase 1,500 FTU/kg+MT C. Results There was no significant phytase influence on performance, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of the organ throughout the study period, however, it was possible to observe a tendency of improvement in body weight corrected feed conversion for broilers fed the phytase 1,500+MT C diet, where potentially these birds were more efficient on utilize phytic phosphorus and other nutrients bounded to phytate molecule, translating into improvement in performance, and there was also a non significant numerical improvement in body weight corrected feed conversion of broilers fed this diet. Conclusion Broilers fed with diets formulated with different levels of avP, Ca, and Na and increasing doses of phytase have shown no change on performance, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of organs

Abordagens farmacológicas para a prevenção de recaídas em Depressão

As abordagens farmacológicas para a prevenção de recaídas em depressão desempenham um papel crucial na gestão contínua do transtorno. A personalização do tratamento, monitoramento atento e colaboração entre profissionais de saúde mental são elementos essenciais para otimizar os resultados e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes que enfrentam esse desafio persistente. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel das abordagens farmacológica para a prevenção de recaídas em depressão. Para isso, se realizou uma revisão sistemática da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs e Medline. Com a análise qualitativa dos resultados, concluiu-se que as intervenções farmacológicas desempenham um papel significativo no cuidado mental, proporcionando benefícios em diversas situações. Contudo, o limite reside na necessidade de abordar cuidadosamente os desafios associados a essas intervenções e reconhecer a diversidade de respostas individuais à terapia farmacológica

AVANÇOS RECENTES NO DIAGNÓSTICO PRECOCE DO CÂNCER DE PULMÃO: UMA ANÁLISE DE REVISÕES SISTEMÁTICAS

The high mortality rate from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death in Brazil, highlights the urgent need for effective screening and early diagnosis policies. Late detection, often in advanced stages, compromises treatment options. The aim of this study was to reflect on the importance of recent advances in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. A systematic literature review was carried out using the Scielo, Lilacs and Medline databases. After a qualitative analysis of the results, it was concluded that early identification of the disease allows for more effective therapeutic interventions, resulting in greater survival and better clinical outcomes for patients.A alta taxa de mortalidade pelo câncer de pulmão, principal causa de óbito por câncer no Brasil, ressalta a urgência de políticas efetivas de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce. A detecção tardia, frequentemente nos estágios avançados, compromete as opções de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo refletir sobre a importância do avanços recentes no diagnóstico precoce do câncer de pulmão. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma revisão sistemática da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs e Medline. Após análise qualitativa dos resultados, concluiu-se que a identificação precoce da doença permite intervenções terapêuticas mais eficazes, resultando em maior sobrevida e melhores resultados clínicos para os pacientes

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Post-hatch nutrition of broiler chickens

Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutrição pós-eclosão em frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se o efeito do tempo de fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial (DPI) nas características histomorfométricas do duodeno (CHD), em parâmetros de desempenho (PDES), de rendimento de carcaça (RC) até os 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 960 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (2 pesos de pintainhos - até 42 gramas e acima de 45 gramas; 4 tempos de fornecimento da DPI - 0, 1 a 7 dias, 1 a 10 dias e 1 a 14 dias), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 30 aves cada. No segundo experimento avaliaram-se o tempo para alojamento e o fornecimento de suplementos pós-eclosão (SPO) para pintainhos com diferentes pesos à eclosão, na atividade mitótica de células satélites da musculatura peitoral, na alometria dos órgãos do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), em CHD, em PDES, e RC até os 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1.280 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (2 pesos dos pintainhos à eclosão: até 44g e acima de 48g; 2 SPO: 1 suplemento com 8% PB e 16% carboidratos - SPO 8/16 - e 1 suplemento com 10% PB e 20% de carboidratos - SPO 10/20 - ; 2 períodos de fornecimento dos SPO: 24 e 48h), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. Adicionalmente, foram alojadas 160 aves da mesma linhagem, que apresentavam peso médio de 49g à eclosão, e foram submetidas a um período de jejum de 24h, sendo que as mesmas provinham do mesmo lote de matrizes das aves submetidas aos tratamentos supracitados. Os animais de ambos os experimentos foram submetidas a programas alimentares que compreenderam três ou quatro fases (préinicial e/ou inicial; engorda; final), sendo as dietas formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com auxílio do procedimento GLM do software estatístico SAS, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para o presente estudo, o peso dos pintainhos ao alojamento/eclosão causou efeito significativo no desempenho dos animais, sendo que animais mais pesados apresentaram peso vivo superior, apesar de terem apresentado menores alturas de vilosidade. Observou-se que o fornecimento da DPI por um período de 7 dias, causou efeito benéfico no desempenho dos animais, acarretando, entretanto, numa diminuição no RC das aves. Pintainhos mantidos em jejum por um período de 24h demonstraram um melhor desenvolvimento do TGI no período pós-eclosão, permitindo que estas aves apresentassem crescimento compensatório. O fornecimento de SPO demonstrou ser eficaz em reduzir a perda de peso dos animais no período pré-alojamento, sendo que o oferecimento do SPO 10/20 mostrou ser mais vantajoso, devido ao fato do mesmo ter causado efeitos benéficos nas CHD, e também um aumento no rendimento de filé de peito. Entretanto, deve-se priorizar o fornecimento dos SPO pelo menor período possível, já que os mesmos não são capazes de suprir de maneira adequada às exigências nutricionais das aves recém-eclodidas.It were performed two experiments with the aim of evaluate the effects of posthatch nutrition of broiler chickens. In the first trial were evaluated the effects of feeding a pre-starter diet (PSD) on duodenal morphology (DM), live performance (LP), and carcass yield (CY). Nine hundred and sixty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler, with two different weights at housing (until 42 g and more than 45 g) were placed in 32 floor pens, and then submitted to four different periods of feeding a PSD (0, 1 to 7 days, 1 to 10 days and 1 to 14 days), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 30 birds each. In the second trial were evaluated the effects of feeding different hatchling supplements (HS) for different periods on breast muscle satellite cell mitotic activity (SCMA), alometric growth of digestive organs, DM, LP, and CY of broiler chickens up to 42 days. One thousand and two hundred and eighty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler were used on a 2x2x2 factorial study (two different weights at hatch :until 44 g and more than 49 g; two HS: 8% of crude protein and 16% of carbohydrates - HS 8/16 - or 10% of crude protein and 20% of carbohydrates - HS 10/20; two feeding periods of HS: 24 or 48h), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 40 birds each. Additionally, it were housed 160 male chicks from the same broiler breeder flock, of 49g of mean weight at hatch, which were submitted to 24h fasting prior to placement. The animals of both experiments were fed with basal corn-soy pre-starter/starter/grower/finisher diets. All data were analyzed using SAS\'s GLM procedures, and significance were measured at p<0,05 using Tukey\'s multiple range test to determine differences between treatments means. Overall, heavier birds at hatch/housing caused significative effect on LP, presenting decreased villus height, and an increased body weight. The birds that were fed with the PSD up to 7 days presented an increased LP, and a smaller CY. Chicks which were fasted for 24h presented a better development of DM on the post-hatch period, showing a compensatory growth. Both HS were efficient on minimize the chick\'s weight loss prior to placement, however birds that were fed with 10/20 HS showed satisfactory effects not only on DM but also an increased breast meat yield. However, the period of feeding of HS should be as small as possible, because this supplement is not capable to supply efficiently the nutritional requirements of newly hatched chicks

Nutritional and energetic value of rice by-products, with or without phytase, for growing pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional and energetic value of rice by-products, with or without phytase, using growing pigs. Thirty-six male pigs were housed in individual metabolic cages. Total collection of feces and urine was carried out in two periods of ten days: five days for adaptation and five days for collection. A randomized blocks design was used, considering the sampling period as a block, with five treatments and seven replicates. Two control diets (with and without phytase - Phy) were used in the digestibility calculations, the latter in order to evaluate the enzyme influence on energy digestibility of the tested ingredients. The control diet was replaced by 30% of one of the ingredients: defatted rice bran (DRB) with and without Phy and dephytinised defatted rice bran (DDRB). The use of Phy in the control diet did not influence DRB+Phy energy digestibility. Relative to DRB+Phy, dephytinised defatted rice bran had higher contents of ME and digestible protein but lower digestible P and Ca. Phy supplementation increased Ca and P utilization of DRB and improved energy and protein digestibility. The DRB without Phy showed the lowest digestibility coefficients for all responses. Metabolizable energy, digestible protein, phosphorus and calcium of DRB, DRB+Phy and DDRB were respectively, 2140, 2288 and 2519kcal kg-1; 79.25, 92.41 and 107.10g kg-1; 1.62, 3.41, and 2.11g kg-1 and 2.80, 3.79 and 2.90g kg-1