Innocence Framing And Public Trust In Police

Since the late 1980s, wrongful convictions, exonerations, and the accompanying innocence movement have gradually gained prominence as important contemporary issues facing the modern American justice system. Research has documented the rise of the “innocence frame” in media discourse. Yet, little is known about the innocence frame’s effect on public opinion. Framing information in separate, distinct ways may yield different results. In this paper, I compare the impact of thematic and episodic framing of wrongful conviction information for trust in police. Providing factual numbers on exonerations gives respondents opportunity to view wrongful convictions as an institutional, systematic issue, and erodes trust in police. Regarding the episodic frame, providing information in the form of a narrative will evoke empathy, but not create a feeling of systematic blame. I further discuss the implications of my findings for wrongful convictions, framing theory, and trust in police

Violence

As part of an effort to grapple with the meaning of violence, Hannah Arendt argued that it was curious how infrequently violence was taken up for special consideration in conversations of history and politics, remarking that “this shows to what an extent violence and its arbitrariness were taken for granted and therefore neglected; no one questions or examines what is obvious to all” (8). While we are not suggesting that violence has eluded the critical eye in the time since Arendt’s argument, there is something remarkably resonant about the idea that violence is taken-for-granted as part of human existence, and thus—for privileged citizens protected from its affects—invisible. In this issue, the contributors explore how violence continues to define and shape social, political, and cultural terrains. In what follows, we explore what it means to talk about violence and follow this with a general introduction to the pieces in this special issue that tease out the various locations of violence and its representations across different spaces

Clinical and Genomic Crosstalk between Glucocorticoid Receptor and Estrogen Receptor α In Endometrial Cancer

Summary: Steroid hormone receptors are simultaneously active in many tissues and are capable of altering each other’s function. Estrogen receptor α (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are expressed in the uterus, and their ligands have opposing effects on uterine growth. In endometrial tumors with high ER expression, we surprisingly found that expression of GR is associated with poor prognosis. Dexamethasone reduced normal uterine growth in vivo; however, this growth inhibition was abolished in estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia. We observed low genomic-binding site overlap when ER and GR are induced with their respective ligands; however, upon simultaneous induction they co-occupy more sites. GR binding is altered significantly by estradiol with GR recruited to ER-bound loci that become more accessible upon estradiol induction. Gene expression responses to co-treatment were more similar to estradiol but with additional regulated genes. Our results suggest phenotypic and molecular interplay between ER and GR in endometrial cancer. : Estrogen receptor α (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are expressed in the uterus and have differential effects on growth. Vahrenkamp et al. find that expression of both receptors is associated with poor outcome in endometrial cancer and that simultaneous induction of ER and GR leads to molecular interplay between the receptors. Keywords: estrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, endometrial cance

Myocardial glucose and lactate metabolism during rest and atrial pacing in humans

There is minimal in vivo data in humans evaluating myocardial substrate utilization during increased heart work. This study was performed to determine the balance of myocardial glucose and lactate metabolism during rest and increased heart work induced by atrial pacing in seven healthy men and women (age, 49.7 ± 3.9 years; body mass index, 23.4 ± 1.1 kg m−2, maximum oxygen consumption, 35.5 ± 3.0 ml kg−1 min−1, ejection fraction, 68 ± 3%). After 3 days of dietary control, catheters were placed in coronary sinus, femoral arterial and venous, and peripheral venous blood vessels. Subjects received a primed continuous infusion of [3,3,3-2H]lactate and [6,6-2H]glucose throughout the study. Arterial and coronary sinus blood sampling and measurements of coronary sinus blood flow were made during rest and atrial pacing at approximately 111 beats min–1. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased (P= 0.04) from rest to atrial pacing. Net glucose uptake increased (P= 0.04) from rest to atrial pacing with unchanged fractional extraction (rest: 9.1 ± 2.7%, atrial pacing 9.8 ± 2.9%). The percentage of whole body glucose disposal from myocardial uptake also increased from rest to atrial pacing. Isotopically measured lactate uptake also increased significantly from rest to atrial pacing with no significant differences in fractional extraction. The myocardium released lactate throughout the experiment, which increased significantly from rest and atrial pacing (P < 0.05). The heart accounted for a significantly greater percentage of whole body lactate disposal during atrial pacing (15.0 ± 4.4%) compared to rest (4.9 ± 0.9%, P= 0.03). These data suggest: (1) in the absence of ischaemia the myocardium is constantly taking up and releasing lactate at rest which increases during atrial pacing, and (2) when arterial substrate delivery is unchanged, increased myocardial work is accomplished with similar proportions of glucose and lactate utilization in healthy humans in vivo

A human breast cancer-derived xenograft and organoid platform for drug discovery and precision oncology.

Models that recapitulate the complexity of human tumors are urgently needed to develop more effective cancer therapies. We report a bank of human patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and matched organoid cultures from tumors that represent the greatest unmet need: endocrine-resistant, treatment-refractory and metastatic breast cancers. We leverage matched PDXs and PDX-derived organoids (PDxO) for drug screening that is feasible and cost-effective with in vivo validation. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of using these models for precision oncology in real time with clinical care in a case of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with early metastatic recurrence. Our results uncovered a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug with high efficacy against the models. Treatment with this therapy resulted in a complete response for the individual and a progression-free survival (PFS) period more than three times longer than their previous therapies. This work provides valuable methods and resources for functional precision medicine and drug development for human breast cancer