Patrimonio histórico: una propuesta metodológica para su conservación en entornos urbanos cambiantes y sitios de peligrosidad sísmica

El ambiente urbano, cambiante en el tiempo, modifica el entorno en el que fueron construidos edificios de valor patrimonial. Estos cambios, en general, afectan tanto a su estructura como al terreno sobre el cual asientan sus fundaciones. La ciudad de Salta, situada además en zona de elevada peligrosidad sísmica, alberga edificios de mampostería que han sido declarados monumentos históricos nacionales. A partir de las investigaciones realizadas para desarrollar estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica de la iglesia Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria de la Viña en esa ciudad, surge una propuesta metodológica para realizar monitoreos periódicos y sostenidos en el tiempo, con el fin de poder realizar acciones tempranas en los edificios que inician su deterioro, aún antes de que este sea perceptible. El presente trabajo describe dicha propuesta metodológica, la cual incluye la incorporación de técnicas no destructivas, como lo son la fotogrametría digital, el monitoreo estructural con acelerógrafos y el empleo de georradar y se concluye que este tipo de estudio de carácter científico tiene, por otra parte, bajos costos de realización.5.- Patrimonios Urbano, Rural, Industrial y Religioso. Cementerios Patrimoniales. Técnicas de Evaluación, Limpieza, Reparación y Conservación. Intervenciones en construcciones con patologías estructurales y aplicación de refuerzos

Participative Production of Students in the Development of Math Video Games at Higher Level Education

This paper shows how, through a participative production of student’s community of the Metropolitan Polytechnic University of Hidalgo in Mexico, it is possible to improve the academic performance of new students in the propedeutic course of mathematics. The production consists of the design, development and application of an educational video game focused on mathematics, specifically algebra. As a result of the participation of students, there is a larger identification and a sense of belonging to their engineering. This is a benefit for students who aspire to be admitted in the Engineering of Animation and Visual Effects because, in addition to receiving feedback about the topics that are learnt in class, they can observe digital scenes and 3D animations that they will be able to create during their university studies

Propuesta de refuerzo de un edificio patrimonial del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación

En este trabajo se presenta la propuesta de refuerzo estructural de un edificio del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, realizado a partir del estudio y diagnóstico de las patologías que lo afectan. Su estructura está constituida por elementos de hormigón armado y mampostería de relleno, fue construido en la década de 1930 en la ciudad de Salta y es considerado de valor patrimonial por la comunidad. El relevamiento de la estructura se realizó por medio de ensayos no destructivos. A partir de la evaluación de daños y del estudio de las características de fundación y del terreno se efectuó el diagnóstico correspondiente, reproduciendo por medio de un modelo numérico el desarrollo en el tiempo de la secuencia de aparición de patologías. El proyecto de refuerzo conjuga las dos condicionantes más significativas y, en algunos casos contrapuestas, que surgen del hecho de que el edificio, situado en zona de elevada peligrosidad sísmica, deberá proveer adecuada seguridad para las personas que allí se desempeñan, y considerando a la vez la mínima intervención que corresponde a sus características patrimoniales.Tópico 5: Intervenciones en construcciones con patologías estructurales y aplicación de refuerzos

Fuentes de información, confianza y comunicación del sector de la salud pública sobre la pandemia de Covid-19: Un estudio en la percepción de los ciudadanos italianos

Introduction: In the context of infodemic disorder Covid-19 pandemic is a health emergency which also became a communication one. Objectives: The research purpose was to understand how Italians have informed themselves about the pandemic, which sources they have mainly used, and their assessments of public health sector communication at a national and local level. Methodology: The quantitative research consists of a survey conducted through telephone interviews (CATI+CAMI techniques) with a structured questionnaire to a sample of Italians in June and July 2021. Results: On average, watching TV, talking with friends, relatives, or acquaintances, and consulting the Internet are the leading ways of gaining information on the pandemic. Official online sources of information are the most used, followed by institutional websites which played a leading role during the pandemic: regions, the Ministry of Health, and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. 34% of respondents claim to consult official social media pages or messaging apps of national or local authorities. Conclusions: In the pandemic communication, Italians recognize the crucial role of national and local authorities and online information media systems, but diverse challenges are open for the future of public health sector communication.Introducción: En el contexto del desorden infodémico la pandemia de Covid-19 es una emergencia sanitaria que también se convirtió en una emergencia de comunicación. Objetivos: El propósito de la investigación era conocer cómo se han informado los italianos sobre la pandemia, qué fuentes han utilizado y sus valoraciones sobre la comunicación del sector sanitario público a nivel nacional y local. Metodología: La investigación cuantitativa consiste en una encuesta realizada mediante entrevistas telefónicas (técnicas CATI+CAMI) con un cuestionario estructurado a una muestra de italianos en junio y julio de 2021. Resultados: En promedio, ver la televisión, hablar con amigos, familiares o conocidos y consultar Internet son las principales formas de información. Las fuentes oficiales online son las más utilizadas, seguidas de los sitios institucionales que desempeñaron un papel destacado durante la pandemia: las regiones, el Ministerio de Sanidad y la Presidencia del Consejo. El 34% de los encuestados afirma consultar las páginas oficiales de redes sociales o las aplicaciones de mensajería de las instituciones. Conclusiones: En la comunicación pandémica, los italianos reconocen el papel crucial de las instituciones y de la información online, pero se abren diversos retos para el futuro de la comunicación del sector de la salud pública

Low Dietary Magnesium and Overweight/Obesity in a Mediterranean Population: A Detrimental Synergy for the Development of Hypertension. The SUN Project

Hypertension is the strongest independent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the association of magnesium intake with incident hypertension in a Mediterranean population, and the potential modification of this association by body mass index (BMI). We assessed 14,057 participants of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort (67.0% women) initially free of hypertension. At baseline, a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire was administered. We used Cox models adjusted for multiple socio-demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors, and prevalent conditions present at baseline. Among a mean 9.6 years of follow-up we observed 1406 incident cases of medically diagnosed hypertension. An inverse association in multivariable-adjusted models was observed for progressively higher magnesium intake up to 500 mg/d vs. intake < 200 mg/d, which was greater among those with a BMI > 27 kg/m2. Lean participants with magnesium intake < 200 mg/d vs. >200 mg/d also had a higher risk of incident hypertension. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet did not modify these associations. In conclusion, dietary magnesium intake < 200 mg/d was independently associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort, stronger for overweight/obese participants. Our results emphasize the importance of encouraging the consumption of magnesium-rich foods (vegetables, nuts, whole cereals, legumes) in order to prevent hypertension

Validity of prognostic models of critical COVID-19 is variable. A systematic review with external validation

Objectives: To identify prognostic models which estimate the risk of critical COVID-19 in hospitalized patients and to assess their validation properties. Study design and setting: We conducted a systematic review in Medline (up to January 2021) of studies developing or updating a model that estimated the risk of critical COVID-19, defined as death, admission to intensive care unit, and/or use of mechanical ventilation during admission. Models were validated in two datasets with different backgrounds (HM [private Spanish hospital network], n = 1,753, and ICS [public Catalan health system], n = 1,104), by assessing discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]) and calibration (plots). Results: We validated 18 prognostic models. Discrimination was good in nine of them (AUCs ≥ 80%) and higher in those predicting mortality (AUCs 65%-87%) than those predicting intensive care unit admission or a composite outcome (AUCs 53%-78%). Calibration was poor in all models providing outcome's probabilities and good in four models providing a point-based score. These four models used mortality as outcome and included age, oxygen saturation, and C-reactive protein among their predictors. Conclusion: The validity of models predicting critical COVID-19 by using only routinely collected predictors is variable. Four models showed good discrimination and calibration when externally validated and are recommended for their use

Validity of prognostic models of critical COVID-19 is variable. A systematic review with external validation

To identify prognostic models that estimate the risk of critical COVID-19 in hospitalised patients and to assess their validation properties. We conducted a systematic review in Medline (up to January 2021) of studies developing or updating a model that estimated the risk of critical COVID-19, defined as death, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and/or use of mechanical ventilation during admission. Models were validated in two datasets with different backgrounds (HM [private Spanish hospital network], n=1,753, and ICS [public Catalan health system], n=1,104); by assessing discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]) and calibration (plots). We validated 18 prognostic models. Discrimination was good in 9 of them (AUCs≥80%) and higher in those predicting mortality (AUCs 65-87%) than those predicting ICU admission or a composite outcome (AUCs 53-78%). Calibration was poor in all models providing outcome's probabilities and good in 4 models providing a point-based score. These four models used mortality as outcome, and included age, oxygen saturation, and C-reactive protein among their predictors. The validity of models predicting critical COVID-19 by using only routinely collected predictors is variable. Four models showed good discrimination and calibration when externally validated and are recommended for their use

Fast food consumption and gestational diabetes incidence in the SUN project

Background: Gestational diabetes prevalence is increasing, mostly because obesity among women of reproductive age is continuously escalating. We aimed to investigate the incidence of gestational diabetes according to the consumption of fast food in a cohort of university graduates. Methods: The prospective dynamic ‘‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’’ (SUN) cohort included data of 3,048 women initially free of diabetes or previous gestational diabetes who reported at least one pregnancy between December 1999 and March 2011. Fast food consumption was assessed through a validated 136-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fast food was defined as the consumption of hamburgers, sausages, and pizza. Three categories of fast food were established: low (0–3 servings/month), intermediate (.3 servings/month and #2 servings/week) and high (.2 servings/week). Non-conditional logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders. Results: We identified 159 incident cases of gestational diabetes during follow-up. After adjusting for age, baseline body mass index, total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease/hypertension at baseline, parity, adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern, alcohol intake, fiber intake, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption, fast food consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of incident gestational diabetes, with multivariate adjusted OR of 1.31 (95% conficence interval [CI]:0.81–2.13) and 1.86 (95% CI: 1.13–3.06) for the intermediate and high categories, respectively, versus the lowest category of baseline fast food consumption (p for linear trend: 0.007). Conclusion: Our results suggest that pre-pregnancy higher consumption of fast food is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes

Dificultades en la enseñanza de mapas geológicos: Causas, propuestas de solución y desarrollo de material didáctico

Las prácticas de identificación e interpretación cartográfica de estructuras geológicas y la elaboración de perfiles geológicos están presentes en numerosas asignaturas de Geología de titulaciones de la Universidad de Jaén. Básicamente, su dificultad radica en los problemas de comprensión y visualización tridimensional de estructuras geológicas (estratificación, fallas, pliegues…) a partir de la información de superficie que proporcionan los mapas geológicos (Fig. 1). Esto se halla muy relacionado con la falta de conocimiento sobre sistemas de proyección.Fuera del ámbito universitario de la licenciatura en Ciencias Geológicas, situación en la que nos encontramos en la Universidad de Jaén, el problema se agrava, ya que el diseño de los planes de estudios determina una disponibilidad muy limitada de tiempo para su impartición. Esto lleva a los alumnos a que interpreten, erróneamente, que se trata de conocimientos accesorios sin relación directa con su futuro desarrollo profesional generando una desmotivación generalizada, que se traduce en un problema adicional para el desarrollo de las prácticas

The Role of Cytokines which Signal through the Common γ Chain Cytokine Receptor in the Reversal of HIV Specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cell Anergy

BACKGROUND: HIV specific T cells are putatively anergic in vivo. IL-2, a member of a class of cytokines that binds to receptors containing the common gamma chain (γc) has been shown to reverse anergy. We examined the role of γc cytokines in reversing HIV specific T cell anergy. METHODS: PBMC from untreated HIV-infected individuals were briefly exposed to a panel of γc cytokines, and frequencies of gag specific T cells were enumerated by intracellular IFN-γ flow cytometry. RESULTS: Of the γc cytokines, brief exposure to IL-2, IL-15, or combined IL-15/IL-7 significantly enhanced (range 2–7 fold) the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell IFN-γ responses to HIV gag, with IL-15 giving the greatest enhancement. The effects of cytokines were not due to enhanced proliferation of pre-existing antigen specific cells, but were due to a combination of enhanced cytokine production from antigen specific T cells plus activation of non-epitope specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These observations support the notion that a significant number of HIV specific T cells are circulating in an anergic state. IL-2, IL-7 and particularly IL-15 as an immune modulator to reverse HIV-1 specific T cell anergy should be investigated, with the caveat that non-specific activation of T cells may also be induced