Manejo del dolor infantil por los profesionales de enfermería

Introducción: La sensación de dolor es subjetiva y en el caso de la infancia se hace más compleja su valoración debido a las dificultades que los niños tienen para comunicarse. Por tanto, se tiende a infravalorar su dolor y el tratamiento es inadecuado. Este artículo está centrado en los profesionales de Enfermería que cuidan a diario a niños que están sometidos a situaciones dolorosas por estar ingresados o padecer alguna alteración de salud. El objetivo es evaluar el grado de conocimiento de los profesionales de Enfermería sobre el dolor infantil. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de tipo pretest-postest, en el que se distinguieron 3 Fases: I: Medida del grado de conocimiento sobre el dolor pediátrico mediante un cuestionario ya validado. II: Intervención formativa para mejorar los conocimientos, la actitud y las habilidades necesarias para el manejo adecuado del dolor. III: Evaluación de la intervención y del nivel de conocimientos tras la misma. Resultados: El resultado global más importante es que el 57% de los profesionales poseen un nivel de conocimientos considerado “Alto” y el 30% posee un nivel “Medio”. Este nivel de conocimientos es mayor en las unidades de Neonatología e inferior en las unidades de Maternidad. Conclusiones: La experiencia y la especialización suponen una cualidad para el conocimiento sobre el manejo del dolor infantil. Los profesionales necesitan más tiempo para la formación especializada y la formación mejora el conocimiento sobre el manejo del dolor infantil.Introduction: The pain sensation is subjective and in the case of the childhood it becomes more complex its valuation due to the difficulties that the children have to communicate. Therefore, he/she couches to undervalue their pain and the treatment is inadequate. This article, it is centered in the professionals of Infirmary that take care to newspaper to children that are subjected to painful situations to be entered or to suffer some alteration of health. The objective is to evaluate the grade of the professionals' of Infirmary knowledge on the infantile pain. Metodology: It is a study pretest-postest cuasiexperimental, in which is distinguished 3 Phases: I: Measured of the grade of knowledge on the pediatric pain by means of a questionnaire already validated. II: formative Intervention to improve the knowledge, the attitude and the abilities necessary for the appropriate handling of the pain. III: Evaluation of the intervention and of the level of knowledge after the same one. Results: The most important global result is that 57% of the professionals possesses a "High" considered level of knowledge and 30% it possesses a "Half" level. This level of knowledge is bigger in the units of Neonatología, and inferior in the of Maternity unidade. Conclusions: The experience and the specialization suppose a quality for the knowledge on the handling of the infantile pain. The professionals need more time for the specialized formation. and the formation improves the knowledge on the handling of the infantile pain

Augment reality and virtual reality for the improvement of spatial competences in Physical Education

Young and mobile are an intense combination in entertainment. Mobile phones can also be a powerful tool in improving some teaching parameters, also in Physical Education. This research aims to test if Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality with mobile phones can have an impact on Physical Education students and their abilities in spatial orientation and distance estimation. In the investigation we have created two virtual and augmented scenarios, and a quantitative methodology has been used to analyze and contrast the learning tests carried out. The results show that these augmented worlds improve spatial orientation and estimation capacity. The study shows that it is convenient to develop activities and digital scenarios to incorporate mobile augmented reality in the learning of spatial orientation, at the same time as teaching skills are improved

Using mobile devices for educational purposes in compulsory secondary education to improve student's learning achievements

The number of mobiles surpassed the population of the planet in 2018. Without a doubt, they have become the tool of reference in our social life, as well as in our work and leisure, but in educational centers, they continue to be used inefficiently or are declared off limits to some classrooms. This study aims to establish the relationship that the use of mobile phones in secondary education schools may have in regard to the student's academic performance. For this purpose, we will carry out a secondary exploitation of the Ministry of Education database for 2017 with the data of 1,887,027 students from 7381 compulsory secondary education schools in Spain. As a method of analysis, a multilevel correlation study is carried out. The results show a strong correlation between centers and territories that allow the usage of mobile devices in education and academic performance. Although the methodology that accompanies the use of the smartphone as an educational tool is very important, the data obtained leads us to think that using mobile phones in schools is a proposal that somehow influences the achievement of better academic results, with almost any methodology used.This research was funded by UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, grant number FPE_010.17_INN

Hidden aryl-exchange processes in stable 16e RhIII [RhCp*Ar2] complexes, and their unexpected transmetalation mechanism

Producción CientíficaExperiments mixing the stable 16e 5-coordinate complexes [RhCp*Ar2] (Cp* = C5Me5; Ar = C6F5, C6F3Cl2-3,5) uncover fast aryl transmetalations. Unexpectedly, as supported computationally, these exchanges are not spontaneous, but catalyzed by minute amounts of 18e (μ-OH)2[RhCp*Ar]2 as a source of 16e [RhCp*Ar(OH)]. The OH group is an amazingly efficient bridging partner to diminish the activation barrier of transmetalation.2019-04-04Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Projects CTQ2016-80913-P and CTQ2014-52796-P)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA051P17

Mathematics Teachers’ Perceptions of the Introduction of ICT: The Relationship between Motivation and Use in the Teaching Function

Digital self-efficacy and the amount of perceived support from the school can improve teachers’ motivation to increase the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the classroom. Likewise, attitude, perception, gender, and experience of mathematics teachers are factors that influence their use of ICT. This study aimed to analyze the profiles of mathematics teachers, determine the existence of differences between them, and identify the sample size necessary to detect significant differences. A total of 73 high school teachers were included in this cross-sectional study. Teaching practice, ICT resources, ICT in the classroom, skills, and uses of ICT were assessed through a validated 19-item questionnaire. Statistical analysis revealed that the required sample to detect significant differences was 53 subjects. Further, 67.21% of the mathematics teachers surveyed in Melilla were younger than 40 years of age, and 62.30% had less than 6 years of teaching experience. In addition, 81.97 and 47.54% of mathematics teachers stated that they consider themselves to have sufficient ICT resources at home for their work and in the classroom, respectively. Through different clusters, mathematics teachers can be identified and classified according to their motivational and competence profiles in pedagogical and digital areas. In addition, young teachers with some teaching experience had positive perceptions of technology, as reflected by high scores in the motivation indicator for ICT

Problematic ArF–Alkynyl Coupling with Fluorinated Aryls. From Partial Success with Alkynyl Stannanes to Efficient Solutions via Mechanistic Understanding of the Hidden Complexity

Producción CientíficaThe synthesis of aryl–alkynyl compounds is usually achieved via Sonogashira catalysis, but this is inefficient for fluorinated aryls. An alternative method reported by Shirakawa and Hiyama, using alkynylstannanes and hemilabile PN ligands, works apparently fine for conventional aryls, but it is also poor for fluorinated aryls. The revision of the unusual literature cycle reveals the existence and nature of unreported byproducts and uncovers coexisting cycles and other aspects that explain the reasons for the conflict. This knowledge provides a full understanding of the real complexity of these aryl/alkynylstannane systems and the deviations of their evolution from that of a classic Stille process, providing the clues to design several very efficient alternatives for the catalytic synthesis of the desired ArF–alkynyl compounds in almost quantitative yield. The same protocols are also very efficient for the catalytic synthesis of alkynyl–alkynyl’ hetero- and homocoupling.Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (project PID2020- 118547GB-I00)Junta de Castilla y León (project VA224P20)Irish Research Council (GOIPD/2020/701)Universidad de Valladolid (Margarita Salas program, ref. CONVREC- 2021-221

Análisis de la mortalidad en ciudades: resultados en Valencia y Alicante

ResumenObjetivosDescribir los patrones de mortalidad, general y por causas específicas seleccionadas, en Valencia y Alicante; establecer las diferencias internas por distritos, y evaluar los cambios en la magnitud de estas desigualdades en el tiempo.MétodosLas defunciones ocurridas en residentes en las ciudades de Valencia y Alicante durante los períodos 1990-1992 y 1996-1998 se asignaron a los distritos municipales de residencia. La comparación entre los períodos de estudio o entre ciudades se ha realizado a través del riesgo relativo estimado mediante regresión de Poisson. Se calculó la razón comparativa de mortalidad (RCM) según los 17 grandes grupos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (9.a revisión). Por distritos se han calculado en cada período de estudio las tasas ajustadas por el método directo, la razón de mortalidad estandarizada (RME), la razón de años potenciales de vida perdida (RAPVP) y la esperanza de vida al nacimiento.ResultadosLos riesgos de muerte por todas las causas disminuyen del primer al segundo período tanto en varones, como en mujeres en ambas ciudades. La esperanza de vida aumenta significativamente en ambas ciudades en los varones, y en Valencia en las mujeres. La ciudad de Valencia presenta un mayor riesgo de muerte en ambos períodos. Algunos grupos de causas de muerte aumentan (grupos 5 y 6, que incluyen trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso y órganos de los sentidos). Por distritos, se observa una mayor variabilidad en Valencia —donde destacan los distritos 1 y 11 con un elevado riesgo de mortalidad— que en Alicante.ConclusionesEl proceso de vigilancia de la mortalidad interna, por distritos, es reproducible. En la ciudad de Valencia existen diferencias en la mortalidad que se mantienen en el tiempo. La ciudad de Alicante presenta una menor variabilidad interna en sus indicadores de mortalidad.AbstractObjectivesTo describe mortality patterns, in general and by selected specific causes in Valencia and Alicante, to establish internal inequalities by districts, and to evaluate changes in the magnitude of these inequalities over time.MethodsDeaths among residents of Valencia and Alicante in the periods 1990-1992 and 1996-1998 were assigned to residential municipal districts. Comparisons between the periods studied and between cities were carried out using the relative risk derived from a Poisson regression model. A comparative mortality figure was calculated using the 17 largest groups of the 9th International Classification of Diseases. Rates adjusted by the direct method, standardized mortality ratio, potential years of life lost (PYLL) ratio and life expectancy at birth were calculated by districts in each study period.ResultsThe risks of death from all causes decreased between the first and second periods in both men and women in both cities. Life expectancy significantly increased in both cities for men and in Valencia for women. The city of Valencia had the greatest risk of death in both periods. Some causes of death increased (groups 5 and 6, mental and nervous system disorders and sensory organ diseases). By districts, there was greater variability in Valencia than in Alicante, especially in districts 1 and 11 in Valencia, which showed a high risk of death.ConclusionsThe process of internal mortality surveillance by districts is reproducible. In the city of Valencia there were inequalities in mortality that were maintained over time. The city of Alicante showed less internal variability in its mortality indicators

Caracterización de piezas metálicas del yacimiento de Torre d’Onda a través de su imagen radiográfica

[ES] Uno de los problemas a los que se enfrenta un arqueólogo en el tratamiento de piezas procedentes de un yacimiento es su gran número. Un tratamiento eficiente de cada una de ellas provoca un gran consumo de recursos y sobre todo de tiempo. Tener la imagen radiográfica del objeto puede ser de gran utilidad a la hora de discriminar una pieza de otras, siempre ocultas bajo una capa considerable de corrosión. En esta investigación se plantea una prueba de concepto con la finalidad de ayudar en ese proceso de selección a través desu valoración, atendiendo a una serie de factores puestos en común mediente un trabajo interdisciplinar. Factores como la forma, el porcentaje de núcleo metálico, su relación con el contexto arqueológico o su grado de fragilidad permiten establecer estrategias que ayudarán por un lado a la selección de piezas que tengan interés para su musealización, frente a aquellas que por su estado deben permanecer almacenadas. El proceso llevado a cabo, en esta prueba de concepto, ha contado con 193 piezas procedentes del yacimiento de Torre d’Onda Burriana (Castellón), en el que se diseñó una base de datos creada para este efecto, donde se ha trabajado tanto con la imagen visible y la imagen radiográfica de cada una de las 193 piezas que han sido caso de estudio.[EN] One of the problems an archaeologist faces in the treatment of pieces from a site is their large number. An efficient treatment of each one of them causes a great consumption of resources and especially of time. Having the radiographic image of the object can be very useful when it comes to discriminating one piece from others, always hidden under a considerable layer of corrosion. In this research, a proof of concept is proposed in order to help in this selection process through its evaluation, attending to a series of factors put in common through interdisciplinary work. Factors such as the shape, the percentage of metal core, its relationship with the archaeological context or its degree of fragility allow establishing strategies that will help, on the one hand, in the selection of pieces that are of interest for musealization, compared to those that, due to their state, must remain stored. The process carried out, in this proof of concept, has included 193 pieces from the Torre d'Onda Burriana site (Castellón), in which a database created for this purpose was designed, where so much work has been done with the visible image and the radiographic image of each of the 193 pieces that have been a case study.Aznar Portolés, CM.; Madrid García, JA.; Melchor Monserrat, JM. (2020). Caracterización de piezas metálicas del yacimiento de Torre d’Onda a través de su imagen radiográfica. Arché. (13 - 14 - 15):31-40. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/156594314013 - 14 - 1

Increased rate of FEV1 decline in HIV patients despite effective treatment with HAART

Introduction: Previous studies have reported that the rate of FEV1 decline over time is increased in HIV patients but the mechanisms underlying this observation are unclear. Since current HIV treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) results in very good immune-viral control, we hypothesized that HAART should normalize the elevated rate of FEV1 decline previously reported in HIV patients if it was somehow related to the immune alterations caused by HIV, particularly in never smokers or quitters, since smoking is a well established risk factor for accelerated FEV1 decline in the general population. Methods: We explored this hypothesis in a prospectively recruited cohort of 188 HIV (smoker and non-smoker) patients treated with HAART in Palma de Mallorca (Spain) and followed-up for 6 years. The cross-sectional characteristics of this cohort have been published elsewhere. Results: We found that: (1) HAART resulted in good immune-viral control; (2) the rate of FEV1 decline remained abnormally elevated, even in non-smokers and quitters; and, (3) alcohol abuse during follow-up was related to FEV1 decline in these patients. Discussion: Despite adequate immune-viral control by HAART, lung function decline remains increased in most HIV patients, even in non-smokers and quitters. Alcohol abuse is a preventable risk factor to decrease the accelerated FEV1 decline in this population

Understanding HAT1: A Comprehensive Review of Noncanonical Roles and Connection with Disease

Histone acetylation plays a vital role in organizing chromatin, regulating gene expression and controlling the cell cycle. The first histone acetyltransferase to be identified was histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1), but it remains one of the least understood acetyltransferases. HAT1 catalyzes the acetylation of newly synthesized H4 and, to a lesser extent, H2A in the cytoplasm. However, 20 min after assembly, histones lose acetylation marks. Moreover, new noncanonical functions have been described for HAT1, revealing its complexity and complicating the understanding of its functions. Recently discovered roles include facilitating the translocation of the H3H4 dimer into the nucleus, increasing the stability of the DNA replication fork, replication-coupled chromatin assembly, coordination of histone production, DNA damage repair, telomeric silencing, epigenetic regulation of nuclear lamina-associated heterochromatin, regulation of the NF-kappa B response, succinyl transferase activity and mitochondrial protein acetylation. In addition, the functions and expression levels of HAT1 have been linked to many diseases, such as many types of cancer, viral infections (hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus and viperin synthesis) and inflammatory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke). The collective data reveal that HAT1 is a promising therapeutic target, and novel therapeutic approaches, such as RNA interference and the use of aptamers, bisubstrate inhibitors and small-molecule inhibitors, are being evaluated at the preclinical level