514 research outputs found
Fungicide resistance among Cladobotryum spp. – causal agents of cobweb disease of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus
A survey of fungicide resistance among isolates of the mushroom pathogens Cladobotryum mycophilum and C. dendroides Types I and II was undertaken, with respect to the active ingredients thiabendazole, carbendazim (benzimidazoles) and prochloraz manganese following an epidemic in Britain and Ireland in 1994/95. The majority of isolates (41/57) were strongly resistant to thiabendazole (ED50 > 200 ppm) and were exclusively C. dendroides Type II. All C. mycophilum and C. dendroides Type I isolates, and four C. dendroides Type II isolates, were weakly resistant to thiabendazole (ED50 1–10 ppm). Thiabendazole-resistant C. dendroides Type II isolates were only weakly resistant to carbendazim (ED50 2–10 ppm) and isolates which were weakly resistant to thiabendazole were carbendazim-sensitive (ED50 < 1 ppm), demonstrating a lack of complete cross resistance between these two benzimidazole fungicides. The ED50 values for all isolates with respect to prochloraz manganese ranged from 0.14 to 7.8 ppm. Benzimidazole resistance was considered to have been an important factor influencing the severity of the 1994/95 cobweb epidemic but 25% of isolates collected were benzimidazole sensitive
Artificial intelligence and ambient intelligence
Ambient intelligence (AmI) is intrinsically and thoroughly connected with artificial intelligence (AI). Some even say that it is, in essence, AI in the environment. AI, on the other hand, owes its success to the phenomenal development of the information and communication technologies (ICTs), based on principles such as Moore’s law. In this paper we give an overview of the progress in AI and AmI interconnected with ICT through information-society laws, superintelligence, and several related disciplines, such as multi-agent systems and the Semantic Web, ambient assisted living and e-healthcare, AmI for assisting medical diagnosis, ambient intelligence for e-learning and ambient intelligence for smart cities. Besides a short history and a description of the current state, the frontiers and the future of AmI and AI are also considered in the paper
Strain-Based Analysis for Geometrically Nonlinear Beams: A Modal Approach
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97066/1/AIAA2012-1713.pd
A revision of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia gen. nov., and related species with Fusarium-like anamorphs
A revision of Fusarium-like species associated with the plant
genus Buxus led to a reconsideration of generic concepts in the
Fusarium clade of the Nectriaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of
the partial second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb2)
and the larger subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1) gene exons
confirm the existence of a clade, here called the terminal Fusarium
clade, that includes genera such as Fusarium sensu stricto
(including its Gibberella teleomorphs), Albonectria,
Cyanonectria, “Haematonectria”, the newly
described genus Geejayessia, and “Nectria”
albida. Geejayessia accommodates five species. Four were
previously classified in Nectria sensu lato, namely the black
perithecial, KOH–species G. atrofusca and the orange or
reddish, KOH+ G. cicatricum, G. desmazieri and G.
zealandica. Geejayessia celtidicola is newly described.
Following our phylogenetic analyses showing its close relationship with
Cyanonectria cyanostoma, the former Gibbera buxi is
recombined as the second species of Cyanonectria. A three gene
phylogenetic analysis of multiple strains of each morphological species using
translation elongation factor 1 α (tef-1), rpb2 and
acl1 gene exons and introns confirms their status as distinct
phylogenetic species. Internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal RNA gene
cluster and nuclear large ribosomal subunit sequences were generated as
additional DNA barcodes for selected strains. The connection of Fusarium
buxicola, often erroneously reported as the anamorph of G.
desmazieri, with the bluish black and KOH+ perithecial species C.
buxi is reinstated. Most Cyanonectria and Geejayessia
species exhibit restricted host ranges on branches or twigs of Buxus
species, Celtis occidentalis, or Staphylea
trifolia. Their perithecia form caespitose clusters on
well-developed, mostly erumpent stromata on the bark or outer cortex of the
host and are relatively thin-walled, mostly smooth, and therefore reminiscent
of the more or less astromatous, singly occurring perithecia of
Cosmospora, Dialonectria, and Microcera. The cell walls in
outer- and inner layers of the perithecial walls of Cyanonectria and
Geejayessia have inconspicuous pore-like structures, as do
representative species of Albonectria, Fusarium sensu stricto,
“Haematonectria”, and “Nectria”
albida. The taxonomic significance of these structures, which we call
Samuels' pores, is discussed
An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella, and Volutella
A comprehensive phylogenetic reassessment of the ascomycete genus
Cosmospora (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is undertaken using
fresh isolates and historical strains, sequences of two protein encoding
genes, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and a
new phylogenetic marker, the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase
(acl1). The result is an extensive revision of taxonomic concepts,
typification, and nomenclatural details of many anamorph- and
teleomorph-typified genera of the Nectriaceae, most notably
Cosmospora and Fusarium. The combined phylogenetic analysis
shows that the present concept of Fusarium is not monophyletic and
that the genus divides into two large groups, one basal in the family, the
other terminal, separated by a large group of species classified in genera
such as Calonectria, Neonectria, and Volutella. All accepted
genera received high statistical support in the phylogenetic analyses.
Preliminary polythetic morphological descriptions are presented for each
genus, providing details of perithecia, micro- and/or macro-conidial
synanamorphs, cultural characters, and ecological traits. Eight species are
included in our restricted concept of Cosmospora, two of which have
previously documented teleomorphs and all of which have
Acremonium-like microconidial anamorphs. A key is provided to the
three anamorphic species recognised in Atractium, which is removed
from synonymy with Fusarium and epitypified for two macroconidial
synnematous species and one sporodochial species associated with waterlogged
wood. Dialonectria is recognised as distinct from Cosmospora
and two species with teleomorph, macroconidia and microconidia are accepted,
including the new species D. ullevolea. Seven species, one with a
known teleomorph, are classified in Fusicolla, formerly considered a
synonym of Fusarium including members of the F. aquaeductuum
and F. merismoides species complex, with several former varieties
raised to species rank. Originally a section of Nectria,
Macroconia is raised to generic rank for five species, all producing
a teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph. A new species of the
Verticillium-like anamorphic genus Mariannaea is described
as M. samuelsii. Microcera is recognised as distinct from
Fusarium and a key is included for four macroconidial species, that
are usually parasites of scale insects, two of them with teleomorphs. The four
accepted species of Stylonectria each produce a teleomorph and micro-
and macroconidial synanamorphs. The Volutella species sampled fall
into three clades. Pseudonectria is accepted for a perithecial and
sporodochial species that occurs on Buxus. Volutella s. str.
also includes perithecial and/or sporodochial species and is revised to
include a synnematous species formerly included in Stilbella. The
third Volutella-like clade remains unnamed. All fungi in this paper
are named using a single name system that gives priority to the oldest generic
names and species epithets, irrespective of whether they are originally based
on anamorph or teleomorph structures. The rationale behind this is
discussed
Phylogenetic and morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium and allied genera
The phylogeny of the genera Periconiella, Ramichloridium,
Rhinocladiella and Veronaea was explored by means of partial
sequences of the 28S (LSU) rRNA gene and the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and
ITS2). Based on the LSU sequence data, ramichloridium-like species segregate
into eight distinct clusters. These include the Capnodiales
(Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae), the
Chaetothyriales (Herpotrichiellaceae), the Pleosporales, and
five ascomycete clades with uncertain affinities. The type species of
Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum, together with R. musae,
R. biverticillatum, R. cerophilum, R. verrucosum, R. pini, and three new
species isolated from Strelitzia, Musa and forest soil,
respectively, reside in the Capnodiales clade. The human-pathogenic
species R. mackenziei and R. basitonum, together with R.
fasciculatum and R. anceps, cluster with Rhinocladiella
(type species: Rh. atrovirens, Herpotrichiellaceae,
Chaetothyriales), and are allocated to this genus. Veronaea
botryosa, the type species of the genus Veronaea, also resides
in the Chaetothyriales clade, whereas Veronaea simplex
clusters as a sister taxon to the Venturiaceae (Pleosporales), and is
placed in a new genus, Veronaeopsis. Ramichloridium
obovoideum clusters with Carpoligna pleurothecii (anamorph:
Pleurothecium sp., Chaetosphaeriales), and a new combination
is proposed in Pleurothecium. Other ramichloridium-like clades
include R. subulatum and R. epichloës (incertae sedis,
Sordariomycetes), for which a new genus, Radulidium is
erected. Ramichloridium schulzeri and its varieties are placed in a
new genus, Myrmecridium (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes).
The genus Pseudovirgaria (incertae sedis) is introduced to
accommodate ramichloridium-like isolates occurring on various species of rust
fungi. A veronaea-like isolate from Bertia moriformis with
phylogenetic affinity to the Annulatascaceae (Sordariomycetidae) is
placed in a new genus, Rhodoveronaea. Besides
Ramichloridium, Periconiella is also polyphyletic.
Thysanorea is introduced to accommodate Periconiella papuana
(Herpotrichiellaceae), which is unrelated to the type species, P.
velutina (Mycosphaerellaceae)
Opportunistic, human-pathogenic species in the Herpotrichiellaceae are phenotypically similar to saprobic or phytopathogenic species in the Venturiaceae
Although morphologically similar, species of Cladophialophora
(Herpotrichiellaceae) were shown to be phylogenetically distinct from
Pseudocladosporium (Venturiaceae), which was revealed to be
synonymous with the older genus, Fusicladium. Other than being
associated with human disorders, species of Cladophialophora were
found to also be phytopathogenic, or to occur as saprobes on organic material,
or in water, fruit juices, or sports drinks, along with species of
Exophiala. Caproventuria and Metacoleroa were
confirmed to be synonyms of Venturia, which has Fusicladium
(= Pseudocladosporium) anamorphs. Apiosporina, based on
A. collinsii, clustered basal to the Venturia clade, and
appears to represent a further synonym. Several species with a
pseudocladosporium-like morphology in vitro represent a sister clade
to the Venturia clade, and are unrelated to Polyscytalum.
These taxa are newly described in Fusicladium, which is
morphologically close to Anungitea, a heterogeneous genus with
unknown phylogenetic affinity. In contrast to the
Herpotrichiellaceae, which were shown to produce numerous
synanamorphs in culture, species of the Venturiaceae were
morphologically and phylogenetically more uniform. Several new species and new
combinations were introduced in Cladophialophora, Cyphellophora
(Herpotrichiellaceae), Exophiala, Fusicladium, Venturia
(Venturiaceae), and Cylindrosympodium (incertae
sedis)
Biodiversity of the genus Cladophialophora
Cladophialophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi comprising a
number of clinically highly significant species in addition to environmental
taxa. The genus has previously been characterized by branched chains of
ellipsoidal to fusiform conidia. However, this character was shown to have
evolved several times independently in the order Chaetothyriales. On
the basis of a multigene phylogeny (nucLSU, nucSSU, RPB1), most of
the species of Cladophialophora (including its generic type C.
carrionii) belong to a monophyletic group comprising two main clades
(carrionii- and bantiana-clades). The genus includes species
causing chromoblastomycosis and other skin infections, as well as disseminated
and cerebral infections, often in immunocompetent individuals. In the present
study, multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined to a morphological study
to characterize phenetically similar Cladophialophora strains.
Sequences of the ITS region, partial Translation Elongation Factor 1-α
and β-Tubulin genes were analysed for a set of 48 strains. Four novel
species were discovered, originating from soft drinks, alkylbenzene-polluted
soil, and infected patients. Membership of the both carrionii and
bantiana clades might be indicative of potential virulence to
humans
Social navigation
In this chapter we present one of the pioneer approaches in supporting users in navigating the complex information spaces, social navigation support. Social navigation support is inspired by natural tendencies of individuals to follow traces of each other in exploring the world, especially when dealing with uncertainties. In this chapter, we cover details on various approaches in implementing social navigation support in the information space as we also connect the concept to supporting theories. The first part of this chapter reviews related theories and introduces the design space of social navigation support through a series of example applications. The second part of the chapter discusses the common challenges in design and implementation of social navigation support, demonstrates how these challenges have been addressed, and reviews more recent direction of social navigation support. Furthermore, as social navigation support has been an inspirational approach to various other social information access approaches we discuss how social navigation support can be integrated with those approaches. We conclude with a review of evaluation methods for social navigation support and remarks about its current state
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