Nuove applicazioni per le unità abitative in emergenza: tecnologie e tecniche della tradizione costruttiva andina amazonica

This work reports the result of a research activity conducted in Bolivia in the year 2020, in synergy between Bolivian Polytechnic University School "Josè Maria Nunez del Prado", University of Naples Federico II and Pegaso Telematic University. In particular, the research had as its object the study of a housing unit suitable for coping with the floods that frequently afflict some Bolivian peasant populations. During the research, much attention was initially paid to the historical, political, socio-economic aspects and to the cultural and traditional characteristics of the ethnic groups that make up the population of Bolivia; subsequently, the morphology and hydrography of the Bolivian territory were examined, as well as the climate, the trend of rainfall and the El Niño and La Niña phenomena that often cause floods with serious risks for the populations, especially rural ones. Having completed these first two phases of the research, the authors moved on to the study of the traditional construction characteristics of rural architecture, paying particular attention to the basic construction materials used in the peasant areas of Bolivia, in particular to raw earth and bamboo, as well as the principles and rules that regulate the construction of rural housing in Bolivia. For rural architecture, the traditional Pawichi house and the traditional dwellings of the indigenous Chiquitana population were examined in detail. Only after having acquired all these important aspects, the research became interested in the design of a new rural house which, respecting Bolivian cultural traditions, would be able to cope with floods and reduce the risks associated with them. In the design of this new emergency housing unit, the authors focused their attention not only on the compositional and functional aspects of the housing unit, but also on the constructive aspects by designing new structural elements such as the pillars made with five bamboo canes suitably linked together. with knots of the Andean construction tradition. The composition of the housing unit proposed by the authors is governed by a basic 4x4 module that can be full, or delimited by infill and window frames, or empty, or without surrounding infill elements to allow the creation of the traditional place for socialization, the Punilla. Never as in this case have, I been particularly happy with the invitation formulated by the authors, and in particular by the young researchers, Francesca Volpe and Emanuele La Mantia, to present their work. In fact, I was able to see the procedural quality of the research and the intelligent design procedure that led to the definition of a housing prototype of great interest for the Andean populations

EVALUACIÓN DE LA FERTILIDAD in vitro DEL SEMEN DE TOROS JÓ- VENES NACIONALES EN OVOCITOS PROVENIENTES DE OVARIOS DE ANIMALES BENEFICIADOS

This study was carried out in the Center of Research and Instruction in Embryo Transfer (CIETE), sponsored by a partnership between the National Agrarian University of La Molina (UNALM) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), located at the UNALM campus. The objective was to evaluate the fertility and in vitro production of embryos of four bulls from the National Semen Bank. This study used 1031 oocytes of quality A and B obtained from ovaries of the local slaughterhouse. The oocytes were matured in the TCM-199 medium. The Percoll gradient centrifuge method was used for spermatic separation; sperm capacitation and fertilization was done in the TALP-IVF + PHE medium; and embryos were cultured with the Sofaa medium containing 5% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Embryos were evaluated on days 7, 8, and 9 after fertilization. There were no statistical differences among the four bulls, and the fertilization rate was 63.3, 56.8, 68.8 and 72.9% for each bull. There was no statistical difference in the production of embryos between bulls. It is concluded that the bulls tested were in the normal range for in vitro embryo production.El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el Centro de Investigación y Enseñanza en Transferencia de Embriones (CIETE), convenio Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) - Ministerio de Agricultura (MINAG); ubicado en el campus de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. El objetivo fue evaluar la fertilidad y la producción de embriones in vitro de cuatro toros provenientes del Banco Nacional de Semen. Se utilizaron 1031 ovocitos de calidad A y B aspirados de ovarios de vacas beneficiadas en el camal. Los ovocitos se maduraron en medio TCM-199. En la separación espermática se usó el método de centrifugación con gradientes de Percoll; la capacitación y fertilización se realizó en el medio TALP-IVF + PHE; y el cultivo de embriones se hizo con medio Sofaa + 5% de Suero Fetal Bovino (SFB). Los embriones fueron evaluados los días 7, 8 y 9 después de la fertilización. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los cuatro toros evaluados, siendo el porcentaje de fertilización de 63.3, 56.8, 68.8 y 72.9% para cada toro. Tampoco se encontró diferencias estadísticas en la producción de embriones entre toros. Se concluye que los toros evaluados se encuentran en el rango normal de producción de embriones in vitro

Evaluación del efecto antiulceroso del extracto acuoso y metanólico de las semillas de lupinus mutabilis sweet (tarwo, chocho) en ratas

In the present research, we have evaluated the effect of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet's seed, as watery and methanolic extracts on the gastric mucous of rats, following the Lee's method. Indometacin in doses higher than 50 mg per kg of weight causes lineal lesions, enlarging and dilatation of small intestine; partial obstruction, acute and chronic transmural granulomatous inflamation; abscess in the intestine's crypts and fibrosis. 2000 mg/kg of weight of the watery extract of the Lupinus was administered by mouth and 400 mk/kg of the methanolic extract by the same way.We use four groups of ten male rats each one with 250 g of weight approximately that were previously conditionated in our laboratory supplying food and water ad libitum. The animals were distributed in four groups in aleatory way and they received saline solution, ranitidine, watery extract of Lupinus and methanolic extract of Lupinus respectively. All substances were administered by oral route 30 minutes before to administer Indometacina to the animals that were in fast for 48 hours. Five hours later the animals were sacrificed and submitted to laparotomy in order to observe the macroscopically anti ulcerogenic effect that was evident and statistically significant with a value of p= 0,0013; microscopically was p= 0,0053.The anti ulcerogenic effect was: 57 % for Ranitidine, 60 % for watery extract of Lupinus and 40 % for methanolic extract of Lupinus; besides we could observe normalization of gastric mucous architecture and lowing of granulocites inftltration.We found that both extracts of Lupinus protected the gastric mucous from the lesions caused by Indometacina and could be an alternative for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer.En la presente investigación realizada con semilla de lupjnus mutabilis sweet se ha podido evaluar el efecto del extracto acuoso y del extracto metanólico sobre las lesiones producidas en la mucosa gástrica de ratas de acuerdo a la técnica de Lee. La indometacina en dosis superiores a 50 mg/Kg de peso produce lesiones lineales, engrosamiento y dilatación del intestino delgado, adhesiones, obstrucción parcial, inflamación granulomatosa transmural aguda y crónica, absceso en las criptas y fibrosis. El extracto acuoso en cocimiento, de Lupinus mutabilis Sweet fue administrado a la dosis de 2000mg/Kg de peso y el extracto metanólico a una dosis de 400mg/Kg.Se utilizaron cuatro grupos de ratas machos de aproximadamente 250g de peso a las que se les acondicionó en el Bioterio de la Facultad y se les suministró alimento y agua ad libitum. Los animales fueron distribuidos en G1: Control, G2: Ranitidina, G3: Extracto acuoso en conocimiento del Lupinus mutabilis Sweet y G4: Extracto metanólico de Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. Las sustancias fueron administradas por vía oral, previo ayuno de 48 horas, media hora antes de la Indometacina. A las cinco horas, los animales fueron sacrificados; realizándose la laparotomía para extraer el estómago y observar las lesiones producidas. Macroscópicamente apreciamos un efecto antiulceroso estadísticamente significativo según la prueba del chi cuadrado, con una probabilidad de p=0.0013 Y microscópicamente una probabilidad de p=0.0053. Para el extracto acuoso en cocimiento se obtuvo un efecto antiulceroso igual al 60%; para la Ranitidina 57% y en menor proporción para el extracto metanólico (40%), pudiendo observarse la normalización de la arquitectura de la mucosa y la atenuación de la infiltración de granulocitos. La observación fue realizada por inspección macroscópica directa y microscópica confirmándose estadísticamente la existencia de propiedades antiulcerosas para el extracto acuoso al 10% en cocimiento por 10 minutos; lo cual podría constituir una alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento de la úlcera gastroduodenal y además la acción protectora parece ser independiente de la secreción de ácido

Evaluación del efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de las semillas de lupinus mutabilis sweet (tarwi, chocho), en animales de experimentación

In the investigation carried out in the seed of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet it has been possible to identify by means of a Screening Phitochemistry the present biologically active principIes in the watery extract in boiled, being determined the total alkaloids.The acute toxicity has been evaluated (LD50) so much of the watery extract as of the obtained total alkaloids of the seed.In the watery extract of the seeds the activity antiinflammatory has been evidenced (acute and subchronicle) in experimental models, being administered the Lupinus for oral route to a dose of 2000 mg/Kg of weight. The inflammation was evaluated by different techniques using the technique of Granuloma of Pouche with trementin in rats (Inflammation sub-chronicle) and inflammatory to plant with formol to 1 % and ovoalbúmina to 50% in S.S.I. in mice, following the standard techniques of the CYTED, being obtained the maximum effect of inhibition from the inflammation to the 80 minutes in comparation with the 60 minutes corresponding to the dic10fenac (30 mg/Kg) showing a percentage of inhibition of 66% in front of 100% of the standard drug. The LD50 of the watery extract in boiled for oral route it was of 3500 mg/Kg of weight and of the complete alkaloids administered for oral route it was of 600 mg/Kg.The alkaloids have been identified by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC comparing it with standard of Spartein.En la investigación realizada en la semilla de Lupinus mutabilis Sweet se ha podido identificar mediante un Screening Fitoquímico los principios activos presentes en el extracto acuoso, determinándose los alcaloides totales.Se ha evaluado la toxicidad aguda (DL50) tanto del extracto acuoso como de los alcaloides totales obtenidos de la semilla.En el extracto acuoso de las semillas se ha evidenciado la actividad antiinflamatoria (aguda y subcrónica) en modelos experimentales, administrándose el Lupinus por vía oral a una dosis de 2000 mg/Kg de peso. La inflamación fue evaluada por diferentes técnicas utilizando la técnica de Granuloma de Pouche con trementina en ratas (Inflamación sub-crónica) y edema plantar con formol al 1 % y ovoalbúmina al 50% en S.S.I.(Inflamación aguda) en ratones, siguiendo las técnicas estándar del CYTED, obteniéndose el efecto máximo de inhibición de la inflamación a los 80 minutos en comparación con los 60 minutos corres-pon dientes al diclofenaco (30 mg/Kg) mostrando un porcentaje de inhibición de 66% frente al 100% del fármaco estándar. La DL50 del extracto acuoso por vía oral fue de 3500 mg/Kg de peso y de los alcaloides totales administrados por vía oral fue de 600 mg/Kg.Los alcaloides han sido identificados por TLC (Cromatografía en capa fina) y HPLC comparándo-10 con estándar de esparteína

Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above 10^18 eV

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, Xmax, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost four thousand events above 10^18 eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106 +35/-21) g/cm^2/decade below 10^(18.24 +/- 0.05) eV and (24 +/- 3) g/cm^2/decade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm^2. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication by PR