A Review on Phytochemical Analysis of Some Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants contain phytochemical like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, amino acids, protein, carbohydrates, saponin, tannin etc. Alkaloid plays an important role in the medicinal plant. Alkaloids are nitrogenous compound of low molecular weight.  Alkaloids have diverse physiological effects: anti-bacterial, anti-mitotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypnotic, psychotropic, and anti-cancer activity. Detection of the alkaloid can be done by standard experiments like Mayer’s test, Wagner's test, Dragendroff test, Fehling’s test and Molish’s test for carbohydrate, Ferric chloride test for flavonoids, foam test for saponin, Biuret test and Ninhydrin test for protein, Folin-Ciocalteu test for phenols others are Borntragers Test, Salkowski’s Test, Alkaline Reagent Test, Xanthoproteic Test, Ninhydrin Test, and Copper Acetate Test. The main objective intent of this study is to evaluate and review the profitability of determining secondary metabolites in the medicinal plants. Articles issued between the years 2012 to 2022 were encompassed in this review. Databases like PubMed, Google scholar were trouped for assemblage the articles. Key phrase like phytochemical analysis, alkaloid content, Mayer’s test, UV-visible spectrophotometer were accustomed for assemblages of articles. On comprehensive evaluation of articles application of Mayer’s test to determine alkaloids in various drugs for qualitative analysis and UV-vis spectrophotometer for quantitative work with comparative analysis.   &nbsp

Context Sensitive Search String Composition Algorithm using User Intention to Handle Ambiguous Keywords

Finding the required URL among the first few result pages of a search engine is still a challenging task. This may require number of reformulations of the search string thus adversely affecting user's search time. Query ambiguity and polysemy are major reasons for not obtaining relevant results in the top few result pages. Efficient query composition and data organization are necessary for getting effective results. Context of the information need and the user intent may improve the autocomplete feature of existing search engines. This research proposes a Funnel Mesh-5 algorithm (FM5) to construct a search string taking into account context of information need and user intention with three main steps 1) Predict user intention with user profiles and the past searches via weighted mesh structure 2) Resolve ambiguity and polysemy of search strings with context and user intention 3) Generate a personalized disambiguated search string by query expansion encompassing user intention and predicted query. Experimental results for the proposed approach and a comparison with direct use of search engine are presented. A comparison of FM5 algorithm with K Nearest Neighbor algorithm for user intention identification is also presented. The proposed system provides better precision for search results for ambiguous search strings with improved identification of the user intention. Results are presented for English language dataset as well as Marathi (an Indian language) dataset of ambiguous search strings.

Evaluation of Acceptable Weight of Bag For Students in School: A Fuzzy Logic Approach

Overweight schools bags will bring additional stress and fatigue to primary and junior secondary students. The Department of Health recommends that, as a precautionary measure, students should avoid carrying school bags which exceed 15% of their body weight for long periods of time. Around 60 per cent of Indian schoolchildren may suffer back pain by carrying schoolbags. For example, a heavy bag that’s slung over one shoulder can, over the 12 years of schooling, cause chronic back problems that linger into adulthood. Risks include muscle strain, distortion of the natural ‘S’ curve of the spine and rounding of the shoulders. The low back pain as a result of carrying of school bag by students has necessitated the attention given to the determination of limits of weight of school bag carrying by students in the school. It was however noted by that no Occupational Safety and Health organization exist regarding what constitutes the maximum acceptable or safe weight of school bag. After this observation, several researchers have worked on the subject of weight of school bag using three main approaches namely: Physiological, Psychophysical and Biomechanical. Author has applied the Fuzzy logic approaches for setting weight limit (WL) of school bag to be carried by students in school in the analysis the strengths and the weaknesses with the height are taken in to consideration. The approach may probably lead to reduce the problem of low back pain of students caused by heavy weight of school bag

Renewable and Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Engineering System

Energy is the gift of nature to man kind in various forms. Energy is the need for all kinds of work done by human being and nature. There are many sources of energy that help to run the various machines invented by man. But as the population and development activities increases, the requirement of the energy (demand) will also increase. If this trend of continuous exploitation of energy sources, continue the sources are going to be exhausted very soon n near future. So we need to look for the alternative of conventional sources of energy and the best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources of energy which are also called renewable source of energy. The conventional source of energy are coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. which are kind of fossil fuel and non-conventional are renewable sources of energy ar in the form of solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean thermal, hydro and Tidal energy. Sun is the main source of energy

Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial.

AIMS: The mechanisms by which a 'Mediterranean diet' reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden remain poorly understood. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant found in such diets with evidence suggesting beneficial effects. We wished to investigate the effects of lycopene on the vasculature in CVD patients and separately, in healthy volunteers (HV). METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomised 36 statin treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers in a 2∶1 treatment allocation ratio to either 7 mg lycopene or placebo daily for 2 months in a double-blind trial. Forearm responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent vasodilatation; EDV), sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent vasodilatation; EIDV), and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (basal nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity) were measured using venous plethysmography. A range of vascular and biochemical secondary endpoints were also explored. EDV in CVD patients post-lycopene improved by 53% (95% CI: +9% to +93%, P = 0.03 vs. placebo) without changes to EIDV, or basal NO responses. HVs did not show changes in EDV after lycopene treatment. Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, lipids and hsCRP levels were unchanged for lycopene vs. placebo treatment groups in the CVD arm as well as the HV arm. At baseline, CVD patients had impaired EDV compared with HV (30% lower; 95% CI: -45% to -10%, P = 0.008), despite lower LDL cholesterol (1.2 mmol/L lower, 95% CI: -1.6 to -0.9 mmol/L, P<0.001). Post-therapy EDV responses for lycopene-treated CVD patients were similar to HVs at baseline (2% lower, 95% CI: -30% to +30%, P = 0.85), also suggesting lycopene improved endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS: Lycopene supplementation improves endothelial function in CVD patients on optimal secondary prevention, but not in HVs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01100385

Liver and brain abscess caused by Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus in association with a large patent foramen ovale: a case report

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.Abstract Introduction Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (former name Haemophilus paraphrophilus) is a normal commensal of the oral flora. It is a rare cause of hepatobiliary or intracerebral abscesses. Case presentation We report a case of a 53-year-old Caucasian man with a liver abscess and subsequent brain abscesses caused by Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus. The probable source of the infection was the oral flora of our patient following ingestion of a dental filling. The presence of a large patent foramen ovale was a predisposing factor for multifocal abscesses. Conclusion In this case report, we describe an unusual case of a patient with both liver and brain abscesses caused by an oral commensal Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus that can occasionally show significant pathogenic potential.Published versio

Leibniz Seminorms and Best Approximation from C*-subalgebras

We show that if B is a C*-subalgebra of a C*-algebra A such that B contains a bounded approximate identity for A, and if L is the pull-back to A of the quotient norm on A/B, then L is strongly Leibniz. In connection with this situation we study certain aspects of best approximation of elements of a unital C*-algebra by elements of a unital C*-subalgebra.Comment: 24 pages. Intended for the proceedings of the conference "Operator Algebras and Related Topics". v2: added a corollary to the main theorem, plus several minor improvements v3: much simplified proof of a key lemma, corollary to main theorem added v4: Many minor improvements. Section numbers increased by

The Dixmier property and tracial states for C*-algebras

A.T. was partially supported by an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship and through the EPSRC grant EP/N00874X/1. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Luis Santiago for helpful discussions at an early stage of this investigation. We would also like to thank the referee for providing helpful comments, which have led to a number of improvements.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Neonatal head and torso vibration exposure during inter-hospital transfer

Inter-hospital transport of premature infants is increasingly common, given the centralisation of neonatal intensive care. However, it is known to be associated with anomalously increased morbidity, most notably brain injury, and with increased mortality from multifactorial causes. Surprisingly, there have been relatively few previous studies investigating the levels of mechanical shock and vibration hazard present during this vehicular transport pathway. Using a custom inertial datalogger, and analysis software, we quantify vibration and linear head acceleration. Mounting multiple inertial sensing units on the forehead and torso of neonatal patients and a preterm manikin, and on the chassis of transport incubators over the duration of inter-site transfers, we find that the resonant frequency of the mattress and harness system currently used to secure neonates inside incubators is ~9Hz. This couples to vehicle chassis vibration, increasing vibration exposure to the neonate. The vibration exposure per journey (A(8) using the ISO 2631 standard) was at least 20% of the action point value of current European Union regulations over all 12 neonatal transports studied, reaching 70% in two cases. Direct injury risk from linear head acceleration (HIC15) was negligible. Although the overall hazard was similar, vibration isolation differed substantially between sponge and air mattresses, with a manikin. Using a Global Positioning System datalogger alongside inertial sensors, vibration increased with vehicle speed only above 60 km/h. These preliminary findings suggest there is scope to engineer better systems for transferring sick infants, thus potentially improving their outcomes