Thermal inactivation of avian and swine H1N1 Influenza viruses

Influenza is a single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, influenza virus type A is responsible for the pandemics that have occurred in the past years. Influenza A are very complex and wide range viruses as they can occasionally jump between species. Improper disinfection can lead to a public health risk of a new influenza outbreak, for this reason it is important that correct sanitation processes are included in the control of these viruses. Viral inactivation is also used to remove infectious and suspicious samples from biosafety units and proper protocols for this are needed. This investigation aims to determine differences between two diferent influenza virus strains regarding their heat inactivation using different conditions of temperature and time. In this study a H1N1 influenza strain from avian origin and a H1N1 influenza strain from swine origin were used. Each virus was exposed to two different temperatures, 56 and 70 ºC, for five different time points (1 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min) using a dry bath. The results show that at 70 ºC both Swine and Avian H1N1 influenza strains were completely inactivated after 5 minutes. At 56 ºC Swine influenza virus H1N1 reached inactivation after 15 minutes but Avian influenza virus H1N1 did not reach inactivation. We could also determine that higher temperature increases the virus inactivation rate, when comparing 56 and 70 ºC. Both viruses at both temperatures were seen to follow a mono-phasic reduction tendency

Análisis y Diagnóstico de las Manifestaciones Pulmonares de los pacientes vivos en el año 2020 con diagnóstico de errores innatos del sistema inmune, en el Hospital Nacional de Niños

Las inmunodeficiencias primarias (IDP) son trastornos hereditarios en los que uno o varios componentes del sistema inmunológico están disminuidos, ausentes o no tienen una función adecuada. Constituyen un reto diagnóstico, debido a que son afecciones no adquiridas del sistema inmune innato o bien del sistema adaptativo, celular o humoral. Se caracterizan por presentar un amplio espectro clínico, que incluyen infecciones recurrentes, trastornos autoinmunes, linfoproliferativos, anomalias congénitas, y evidentemente un alto riesgo de malignidad. La vía respiratoria y el pulmón, contituyen organos díana, donde la enfermedad es común y el espectro de manifestaciones es amplio e incluyen desde las infecciónes agudas, hasta la progresión de patologías crónicas, asociadas tanto a la recurrencia de procesos infecciosos, así como al defecto ausente o carente inmunológico. Evidentemente esta razón contribuye ampliamente a la morbimortalidad en este grupo de pacientes. Sin embargo, la presentación variada y la falta en general del conocimiento de las inmunodeficiencias primarias, tanto a nivel nacional como a nivel mundial, en este entorno, dificultan el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano de estas complicaciones. Por lo tanto, el realizar un estudio de una muestra de esta población en nuestro país, permitirá definir las señales de alerta de IDP en pacientes con manifestaciones respiratorias, las pruebas diagnósticas necesarias y el manejo terapéutico, para así prolongar la manifestación y complicación de estas patologias respiratorias, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida en la población costarricense con inmunodeficiencia primaria.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado::Salud::Especialidad en Pediatrí

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Thermal inactivation of avian and swine H1N1 Influenza viruses

Influenza is a single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, influenza virus type A is responsible for the pandemics that have occurred in the past years. Influenza A are very complex and wide range viruses as they can occasionally jump between species. Improper disinfection can lead to a public health risk of a new influenza outbreak, for this reason it is important that correct sanitation processes are included in the control of these viruses. Viral inactivation is also used to remove infectious and suspicious samples from biosafety units and proper protocols for this are needed. This investigation aims to determine differences between two diferent influenza virus strains regarding their heat inactivation using different conditions of temperature and time. In this study a H1N1 influenza strain from avian origin and a H1N1 influenza strain from swine origin were used. Each virus was exposed to two different temperatures, 56 and 70 ºC, for five different time points (1 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min) using a dry bath. The results show that at 70 ºC both Swine and Avian H1N1 influenza strains were completely inactivated after 5 minutes. At 56 ºC Swine influenza virus H1N1 reached inactivation after 15 minutes but Avian influenza virus H1N1 did not reach inactivation. We could also determine that higher temperature increases the virus inactivation rate, when comparing 56 and 70 ºC. Both viruses at both temperatures were seen to follow a mono-phasic reduction tendency

La necesidad de modificación al sistema de adopción internacional en Chile

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)El Sistema de Adopción Internacional en Chile ha sido el resultado de procesos históricos y una serie de tratados y convenios internacionales en la búsqueda por regular una institución que nace y se desarrolla en virtud de quienes no han podido crecer en su familia de origen, siendo acogidos por una familia residente en otro país. A través de la revisión y análisis de tales procesos, es posible percatarse de la necesidad de modificaciones en nuestra legislación, para generar más oportunidades para aquellos niños, niñas y adolescentes en el pleno ejercicio de su derecho a desarrollarse en una familia y en el marco del interés superior del niño

Análisis jurisprudencial de delitos de homicidio y robo con intimidación cometidos utilizando armas de fuego

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)En este trabajo se analiza de qué manera los Tribunales de Juicio Oral en lo Penal y las Cortes de Apelaciones han resuelto aquellos casos en que los delitos de homicidio o robo con intimidación se cometen con armas de fuego, luego de que se promulgara la reforma a la Ley de Control de Armas, la cual determina que se aplique el concurso material según el art. 74 de nuestro Código Penal cuando concurren delitos comunes junto con delitos tipificados en este mismo texto legal. Se logra verificar que existe una tendencia mayoritaria por parte de los tribunales de aplicar el artículo 17 B inciso 1 sin hacer uso de otras consideraciones dogmáticas ni aplicar otras importantes disposiciones que permiten una interpretación más garantista del ordenamiento jurídico penal chileno, tales como el art. 63 que establece la prohibición de doble valoración. Para ello se hizo un análisis comparativo de cómo se resolvían este tipo de delitos antes de la reforma, y se concluyó en el desarrollo de distintas posiciones doctrinales al respecto

Antimicrobial resistance control strategies: a coordinated research initiative experience in the Asia Pacific region

The objective was to gather information on the status of antimicrobial surveillance in the Asia Pacific region and suggest control strategies. Twenty-one economies of the Asia Pacific region participated in this initiative. A survey was conducted on antimicrobial use and surveillance throughout the region. A workshop was carried out to create awareness about the issue and discuss the implementation of control strategies. Based on the survey results and workshop conclusions, it can be established that there is better understanding of the implications of antimicrobial resistance in the human medicine area. Only few economies take actions to control antimicrobial resistance on a veterinary/agricultural level. To confront antimicrobial resistance, it is critical to raise awareness; cooperation between all countries is needed to apply international standards, to be able to have harmonized public policies. Countries must align and improve their systems for surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in human, animals, and the environment.APEC CTI 25 2014