MISIONES DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS Y LA POLICÍA NACIONAL, EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA PERSPECTIVA DEMOCRÁTICA DE LA SEGURIDAD, LA DEFENSA NACIONAL, LA SEGURIDAD CIUDADANA Y LA DEFENSA CIVIL

El estado social de derecho justifica el concepto del Estado como sociedad jurídica y políticamente organizada y perfecciona la noción del contrato social, pues no solo que evidencia los deberes y atribuciones del órgano público y los derechos y obligaciones que tienen los asociados, sino que es la aceptación de que el sistema jurídico, con sus normas de diversa categoría, permite la existencia del Estado y rige la vida jurídica de todos, dentro de un proceso constante de armonización de dichas normas con las de superior categoría en general, y las de la carta política en especial, como piedra angular y superior de la pirámide jurídica. Esto también permite explicar que la solución de los problemas fácticos de la sociedad se consigue mediante la aplicación de un sistema armónico de normas dictadas por el órgano competente, con el fin último de alcanzar el bien común

First contact with the health system: a survey study in northern Portugal

Objective The objective of this study is to characterise the self-reported first contact with the health system and the reasons stated for each choice, testing associations with population characteristics. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Primary care department of a local health unit in northern Portugal. Participants Random sample of 4286 persons, retrieved from all registered adults. Outcomes Participants who stated they usually see the same doctor when a health problem arises were considered to adopt first-contact care and were asked to identify their regular doctor. Participants were asked why they adopt first-contact care or why they choose to do otherwise. Associations between personal characteristics and the adoption of first-contact care were tested using logistic regression. Results There were 808 valid questionnaires received (19% response rate). The mean age of respondents was 53 years, 58% were women and 60% had a high school or higher degree. Most (71%) stated always seeing the same doctor when facing a health problem. This was a general practitioner (GP) in 84%. The main reasons were previous knowledge and trust in the doctor. When this doctor was not a GP, the main reason was the need to obtain an appointment quickly. Participants who chose first-contact care were less likely to have university degrees than those who did not (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.76). Being registered with the same GP for over 1 year increased the odds of adopting first-contact care: twice as likely for those registered for 1-4 years with the same GP (2.07; 95% CI 1.04 to 4.11), and three times more likely for those registered for over 10 years (3.21; 95% CI 1.70 to 6.08). Conclusions The high adoption of first-contact care and the reasons given for this suggest a strong belief in primary care in this population. The longer patients experience continuity, the more they adopt first-contact care. The preferences of higher-educated patients regarding first-contact care deserve reflection. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Funding text 1: Funding Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, covered the costs of printing the paper questionnaires. Matosinhos Local Health Unit (National Health Service, Portugal) supported this study by covering the costs of stamped institutional envelopes for sending and returning the questionnaire. This work is financed by national funds through the FCT- Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., within the scope of projects UIDB/04750/2020 and LA/P/0064/2020

Access to General Practitioners during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal: a nationwide survey of doctors

BackgroundThe Portuguese National Health System (NHS) provides universal coverage and near-free health care, but the population has high out-of-pocket expenses and unmet care needs. This suggests impaired accessibility, a key dimension of primary care. The COVID-19 pandemic has further affected access to health care. Understanding General Practitioners' (GP) experiences during the pandemic is necessary to reconfigure post-pandemic service delivery and to plan for future emergencies. This study aimed to assess accessibility to GPs, from their perspective, evaluating determinants of accessibility during the second pandemic year in Portugal.MethodsAll GPs working in NHS Family Practices in continental Portugal were invited to participate in a survey in 2021. A structured online self-administered anonymous questionnaire was used. Accessibility was assessed through waiting times for consultations and remote contacts and provision of remote access. NHS standards were used to assess waiting times. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study sample. Associations between categorical variables were tested using the chi 2 statistic and the Student t-test was used to compare means of continuous variables.ResultsA total of 420 GPs were included (7% of the target population). Median weekly working hours was 49.0 h (interquartile range 42.0-56.8), although only 14% reported a contracted weekly schedule over 40 h. Access to in-person consultations and remote contacts was reported by most GPs to occur within NHS time standards. Younger GPs more often reported waiting times over these standards. Most GPs considered that they do not have enough time for non-urgent consultations or for remote contacts with patients.ConclusionsMost GPs reported compliance with standards for waiting times for most in-person consultations and remote contacts, but they do so at the expense of work overload. A persistent excess of regular and unpaid working hours by GPs needs confirmation. If unpaid overtime is necessary to meet the regular demands of work, then workload and specific allocated tasks warrant review. Future research should focus on younger GPs, as they seem vulnerable to restricted accessibility. GPs' preferences for more in-person care than was feasible during the pandemic must be considered when planning for the post-pandemic reconfiguration of service delivery

Morphodynamics of the Cávado estuary inlet (NW Portugal)

The Cávado estuary inlet is situated in the coastal zone of Esposende (NW Portugal) where sandy beaches have migrated inland and thinned, and cliffs have retreated rapidly over the last years. The coastal zone of Esposende extends over 15 km from the Neiva River until Apúlia. The coastal segment of Esposende can be considered of mixed energy and wave-dominated type, according to DAVIS and HAYES (1984). The local tide is mesotidal and semidiurnal, with a maximum equinoctial spring tide high-water level of 3.9 m, a minimum low-water level of 0.2 m, and a mean spring tide of 3.49m (data from Instituto Hidrográfico da Marinha). The inlet is a natural feature of the Cávado estuary, subject to silting up, and enclosed between a breakwater on the northern side and the end of a migrant sandy spit on the southern side. Recently, it was suggested that the best option for decreasing silting-up and increasing navigability, would be to build two breakwaters and artificially manage the inlet. This proposal was not accepted by all concerned and is presently frozen. Behind the spit lies the town of Esposende, and so it is crucial as its natural defence against sea incursions. Several times the sea overwashed the spit, and broke through twice during the last twenty years. The present study concerns the period between 1991 and 2003. Using the hydrographical maps of 1991, 1992 and 2001, and topo-hydrographic surveys of 2002 and 2003, the sedimentary budget of the inlet, and the morphological changes of the flood and ebb tidal deltas were calculated. Moreover, two hydrodynamic mathematical models and a sediment transport mathematical model were implemented, in order to assess the bottom morphodynamic behaviour at the inlet. The first one is a two-dimensional hydrodynamic (2DH) model that was created using the RMA2 software (WES-HL, 1996). The river stretch considered in this finite elements model begins downstream of the Angelino weir and ends in the Atlantic Ocean

Towards taxane analogues synthesis by dienyne ring closing metathesis

Herein we report the facile construction of taxadiene analogues by ring closing metathesis of dienynes built on a cyclohexenone with a natural configuration at C1 and its further transformation to incorporate most of the key functional groups of taxolThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (Mineco) and the ERDF (CTQ2010‐15725, CTQ2013‐43264‐R and CTQ2014‐51912‐REDC), and by the Xunta de Galicia and the ERDF (GPC2013‐039, EM2012/117 and EM2014/011). N. S. thanks Mineco for his FPU contract and S. P.‐E. to the CONACYT for his fellowship (No. 162219). We also thank ORFEO‐CINCA networkNO

Morphodynamic modelling of a gravel beach at the NW Portuguese coast

Besides exhibiting an erosion trend for decades, the NW coastal zone of Portugal, since the end of 20th century, was the stage of a new phenomenon. Between Lima and Cávado rivers, previously dissipative, sandy beaches transformed in mixed sand-gravel beaches with gravelly beach cusps (by the end of 80?s) and progressively convert in entire reflective gravel beaches (since 2000), though maintaining the inherited dune systems on their backshore. This beach is being monitored since 2013 using DGPS, aerophotogrametic surveys and expedite gravel size characterization. Based on these monitoring results a modeling work was carried out to simulate the beach morphodynamics, applying XBeach-G software. The model was able to simulate the beach morphodynamics

Abrupt field-induced transition triggered by magnetocaloric effect in phase-separated manganites

The occurrence at low temperatures of an ultrasharp field-induced transition in phase separated manganites is analyzed. Experimental results show that magnetization and specific heat step-like transitions below 5 K are correlated with an abrupt change of the sample temperature, which happens at a certain critical field. This temperature rise, a magnetocaloric effect, is interpreted as produced by the released energy at the transition point, and is the key to understand the existence of the abrupt field-induced transition. A qualitative analysis of the results suggests the existence of a critical growing rate of the ferromagnetic phase, beyond which an avalanche effect is triggered.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures included. Acepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Characterization and dating of coastal deposits of NW Portugal (Minho - Neiva area): a record of climate, eustasy and crustal uplift during the Quaternary

This study presents the characterization and numerical dating of Quaternary coastal deposits of NW Portugal, located between the mouths of the Minho and Neiva rivers. They record continental (small alluvial fans and streams) and transitional (aeolian dunes, interdune ponds, estuary, sandy and gravelly beaches) paleoenvironments. Quartz and K-feldspar optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is employed as well as AMS C-14 dating. A staircase of coastal terraces (abrasion shore platforms) was identified (altimetry, a.s.l.) and ascribed to the following probable Marine Isotope Stages (MIS): T1 - 20-18 m (MIS11); T2 - ca. 13 m (MIS9); T3 - 9.3-7.3 m (MIS7); T4 - 5.5-4.5 m (MIS5); T5 - 3.5-2.0 m (MIS5). The terraces have some preserved sedimentary facies that includes coeval beach sediments on the lowest four. A late Pleistocene to Holocene sedimentary cover comprises four sub-units: a) the lower sub-unit, corresponding to ferruginous stream deposits and aeolian dunes dated ca. 67-61 ka (MIS4), probably related with sub-humid to arid mid-cold conditions; b) on the slopes, the lower sub-unit is overlapped by sandy-silty colluvium and sandy alluvial deposits dated ca. 56-28 ka (MIS3) and probably reflecting cold/mid-cold and wet/dry climate conditions; c) this sub-unit is topped by soliflucted lobes and sandy-silty/silty deposits recording cold and dry climate dated 20-13 ka (MIS2), and d) a top subunit dated to 16-18th century, recording Little Ice Age events, consisting of fluvial sediments coeval with temperate climate evolving to aeolian dunes from the Maunder Minimum (cold windy dry conditions).Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) - grant SFRH/BD/16438/2004 - project PTDC/GEO-GEO/2860/2012 - Sabbatical Leave Grant ref. SFRH/BSAB/1289/2012 - Research also has been supported by both Aarhus University and Risø DTU (Denmark

Porosidade e densidade de solos sob uso agrícola no município de Sobradinho-BA.

Considerando que o manejo do solo altera suas propriedades físicas, imprescindíveis ao oferecimento de condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento produtivo, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a porosidade e a densidade de quatro solos sob uso agrícola, localizados as margens do Lago de Sobradinho, no município de Sobradinho-BA. Foram selecionadas quatro propriedades rurais onde foram coletadas amostras de solos nas profundidades de 0,00?0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m tanto na área agrícola como na área sob caatinga, utilizada como referência. Em laboratório avaliou-se granulometria, argila dispersa em água e densidade do solo. Além disso, foram calculados: índice de floculação, macroporosidade e microporosidade. O intenso processo de mecanização adotado no uso agrícola proporcionou comportamentos distintos aos solos, em relação aos índices analisados, sendo que houve aumento na sua densidade e redução da macroporosidade

(Dis)trusted outsiders: conducting ethnographic research on prison settings

This article aims to contribute to the growing body of literature that critically reflects on the practical, ethical and relational challenges raised by conducting research in prison. Basing our work on three different studies developed in Portuguese prison settings, we develop an intersectional understanding of building (dis)trust in prison settings by reflecting upon researchers’ characteristics and relational dynamics with people in the field, whether they are professionals or prisoners