A study of arteriovenous crossing patterns in branch retinal vein occlusion

Introduction: Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) almost always occurs at an arteriovenous crossing, where the artery and vein share a common adventitial sheath. Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the anatomic position of the crossing vessels at the site of occlusion in a case of BRVO. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 20 BRVO patients attending Ophthalmology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital during the period of September 2013 to August 2014. A semi structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the sociodemographic characters and co-morbidity among the patients. The fundus of the patients were examined with 90D lens under slit lamp and the fundus photographs were taken. Results: Twenty patients were considered in the study. Eleven were male and nine were female patients. Mean age of the male group was 50.09±4.94 years. Mean age of the female group was 49.33±3.77 years. In all, there were 21 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion. Out of which 11 were left eyes, eight were right eyes and one patient was having occlusion in both the eyes. In BRVO cases, among 17(80.9%) eyes, the artery was anterior to the vein and in the remaining 4(19.1%) eyes the vein was anterior to the artery. No statistically significant difference was observed regarding the position of artery and vein in BRVO and control eyes (p=0.9). The superiotemporal occlusions were more in number 13 (61.9%) as compared to inferiotemporal occlusions in 8 (38.1%) eyes. Amajority 17(85%) of patients were hypertensive. Conclusion: In the present study the incidence of artery anterior to the vein was higher compare to vein anterior to the artery, the knowledge of which is useful to understand the patho-physiology and management of BRV

Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : Data From ROCKET AF

M. Kaste on työryhmän ROCKET AF Steering Comm jäsen.Background-Atrial fibrillation is associated with higher mortality. Identification of causes of death and contemporary risk factors for all-cause mortality may guide interventions. Methods and Results-In the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) study, patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were randomized to rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted warfarin. Cox proportional hazards regression with backward elimination identified factors at randomization that were independently associated with all-cause mortality in the 14 171 participants in the intention-to-treat population. The median age was 73 years, and the mean CHADS(2) score was 3.5. Over 1.9 years of median follow-up, 1214 (8.6%) patients died. Kaplan-Meier mortality rates were 4.2% at 1 year and 8.9% at 2 years. The majority of classified deaths (1081) were cardiovascular (72%), whereas only 6% were nonhemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between the rivaroxaban and warfarin arms (P=0.15). Heart failure (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.33-1.70, P= 75 years (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.51-1.90, P Conclusions-In a large population of patients anticoagulated for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, approximate to 7 in 10 deaths were cardiovascular, whereasPeer reviewe

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Synthesis and characterization of new piperazine fused triazoles

103-109Reductive amination of 2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)acetaldehyde with 3-methoxyaniline gives N-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-3-methoxyaniline. The latter on Mannich reaction with 1-substituted acetylene and formaldehyde in presence copper iodide catalyst results in the formation of a propargylamine containing silyloxy group. This on treatment with stannous chloride gives a propargyl amine containing hydroxy group. The resulting alcohol is converted to a piperazine fused triazole. A new series of 3,5-disubstituted piperazine fused triazoles are synthesised and characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectral studies

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Not Availablecastor lRicinus communis L. is cultivated extensively in Mahaboobnagar district of Andhra pradesh ofthe commercial because importance of its oil. The area and production of castor in fiahaboobnagar is gradually decreasing for which one of the most important reasons ls ttre higtr incidence o1 oiiryiit gr"yrot disease due to conducive climate variations' Apart from this, the frequent droughts in the region also influence in reduction ofarea. Keeping this in view the present study was carried out to understand the priblems and suggestions as perceived by farmers on adaptation to climate variability in castor. The results indicaied rhat high io.frL"" .t iiirylii an""*i i, .rtoy season, lack of training o1,:1i3d" variability coping mechanisms were s-ome of the problems. n.*rop-.rrt or cultivars resistant 1s botrytis disease with short riutolr" urd prot se u.a.rffi, providing haining to farmers and extension officials on techniques ofcrop production and adaitation options to"face the cHtate vaiability in castor were some ofthe perceived suggestions. Based on the results a strategy was developed to enhance the ,irpt"ullty of castor farmers towards climate variability.Not Availabl

Invitro Inhibitory Effect of Polyherbal Formulation on Alpha-Amylase

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar level caused due to deficiency of insulin secretion or insulin action. One of the therapeutic approach to treat Type II Diabetes is to lower the postprandial blood glucose level by inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme such as alpha-amylase. In present investigation polyherbal formulation (PHF) composed of 22 medicinal plants having anti-diabetic property were selected from WHO monographs and evaluated for in vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. Air dried powders of 22 medicinal plants were divided into four categories. One formulation named as(PHF1) was used and prepared by mixing the powders in an optimized ratio of 80:10:5:5.Extracts of PHF1 prepared by soxhlet method using polar and non-polar solvent was subjected to Inhibition assay by using Dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method and phytochemical constituents in the extract was analyzed qualitatively as well as by GC-MS.The results revealed the presence of glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. In vitro study indicates that PHF1 Hot water extract showed maximum percentage inhibitionof alphaamylase activity. This hot water extract of PHF1 can be effective in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG)

Constraints Experienced by the Paddy Farmers in Three Agroclimatic Zones of Telangana State, India

The present investigation was conducted during 2021-22 to assess the constraints experienced by the paddy farmers in three agroclimatic zones of farming sustainability in Telangana state. Findings revealed that, constraints such as high cost of seed varieties (I), lack of knowledge and skill for determining economic threshold level of pests and diseases (II), labour scarcity due to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (I), labour scarcity during peak operations (II), insufficient finance with farmers (I), high rental charges for farm machinery (II), lack of new technologies and uneconomically viable solutions for residue management (I), lack of knowledge about input management (II), lack of information about government schemes&nbsp; (I), lack of information about recent pest-management strategies (II) were the first and second priority constraints under ecological, social, economical, technical and institutional dimensions respectively. Accordingly, Government organisations, NGO’s, ATMA, KVK’s, DAATC’s, SAU’s should look after certain issues such as providing seeds at affordable cost , Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme must give prioritize to agricultural field operations along with other activities, crop loan must be sanctioned to every farmer by considering crop yield assurance and bring out new technologies like happy seeder to remove residues but also allows the farmer to seed the new crop without involving manual labour, which saves time and money for the farmers. Extension education functionaries and line departments experts must use the Situation Based Extension with Participatory Approach (SBEA) in order to effectively overcome constraints and get feedback, which act as source for ATMA action plans to implement at grass root level

Profile Characteristics of Paddy Farmers in Telangana State, India

Agriculture caused significant harm to the environment for a long time. More acreage, fertiliser and pesticides were used to boost the output. Sustainable development is one that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. According to study, a number of factors can affect a farmer's decision to adopt sustainable practises. The research investigation employed Ex-post-facto-research design as the event has already happened. The present study aimed to assess the profile characteristics of farmers on Paddy farming sustainability and adoption of recommended sustainable farming practices comprising the data from three different zones of the Telangana state. Three districts namely Nizamabad, Khammam and Nalgonda from each zone of Telangana state were selected for the purpose respectively during the year 2021. As these three districts account for Paddy area compared to other districts. Purposive sampling technique was employed for data collection from 216 Paddy growing farmers by standardized and pre-tested interview schedule. Findings revealed that majority of the farmers were middle-aged (54.62 %), educated up to primary school (25.19 %), semi-medium in land holdings (25.32 %), followed by possessed medium level of income (55.56 %), mass media exposure (73.14 %), extension contact (56.10 %), extension participation (73.60 %), management orientation (71.75 %), scientific orientation (58.10 %), innovativeness (81.00 %), economic motivation (67.50 %), decision-making pattern (62.51 %), value orientation (52.79 %), level of aspiration (64.35 %) and risk orientation (53.20 %), whereas high level of farming experience (60.18 %), high farming commitment (54.62 %) and high achievement motivation (51.86 %). The policymakers should instruct researchers, extension specialists, NGO’s and field workers to serve as advisors, facilitators and collaborators for inspiring and empowering farmers to actively participate in solving issues related to sustainable farming cultivation practises. Hence, these variables have to be considered in promoting farmers among the farming community in the long run

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from 3-(arylsulfonyl) propanehydrazides

208-211Methyl acrylate on treatment with aryl thiols gives methyl 3-(arylthio) propanoates. The latter on oxidation with hydrogen peroxide followed by reaction with hydrazine hydrate gives 3-(arylsulfonyl) propanehydrazides. Two new series of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles from 3-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] propane hydrazide and 3-[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl] propane hydrazide have been synthesized and tested for antimicrobial activities. Some of these compounds have shown good antimicrobial activity

Synthesis and characterisation of diastereomeric (<i style="">E</i> & <i style="">Z</i>) vinylsulfides and vinylsulfones from <i style="">p</i>-tolylphenylacetylene

765-769The addition of p-methylbenzenethiol to p-tolyl­phenyl­acetylene results in the formation of a mixture of diastereomeric (E) & (Z)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-[(4-methyl­phenyl)thio] ethylenes (1 and 2) and (E) & (Z)-2-(4-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-1-[(4-methylphenyl)thio] ethylenes (3 and 4). The configurations of these compounds have been established by 1H NMR studies, by their preparation from benzyl p-tolyl ketone and p-methylbenzyl phenyl ketone, and by the oxidation of the thioethylenes 1, 2, 3 and 4 to the corresponding sulfonylethylenes 5, 6, 7 and 8 respectively