Dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels in patients tratied in primary care centers in east SAN JOSE

Dyslipidemia, i.e. high levels of blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), is strongly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In order to reduce the risk of CVD at any moment in a person ́s life, it is crucial to know his/her –and the population’s– lipid profile. The aim of this study was to assess the (statistical) indicators of blood lipids and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients treated in the Integral Health Attention Program from Universidad de Costa Rica. A descriptive study was conducted including 10,044 patients aged 20 to 65 years, who were tested for a blood lipid profile in 2006. A total of 2,969 (29.6%) male and 7,075 (70.4%) female patients took part in the study, with an average age of 43.5 years. General averages for blood lipids were: 203.3 mg/dl for total cholesterol, 50.1 mg/dl for HDL, 120.1 mg/dl for LDL, and 165.6 mg/dl for triglycerides. Prevalence of 17.2% was determined for hypercholesterolemia (≥240 mg/dl), as well as 21.3% for low HDL levels (<40 mg/dl), 11.9% for high LDL levels (≥160 mg/dl), and 26.3% for high triglyceride levels (≥200 mg/dl). Women showed higher overall levels of dyslipidemia than men. Based on health areas, no significant differences were found in general lipid levels by age or sex. Results indicate that the general prevalence of dyslipidemia is close to half the rate reported in worldwide literature and lower than results reported in Costa Rican studies. However, general averages exceeded optimal levels for each blood lipid; consequently, it is important to develop health interventions oriented to reduce the impact of dyslipidemia in the studied population

Factors associated with the blood lipid profile of patients in the Montes de Oca health service area in Costa Rica

En este estudio se analiza la asociación entre la exposición a diversos factores —de biotipo, socioeconómicos y patológicos— y la alteración del perfil de lípidos sanguíneos (dislipidemia) en pacientes adscritos al Área de Salud de Montes de Oca. Se realizó un estudio de caso-control, con un total de 135 casos e igual cantidad de controles, entre 20 y 65 años, a los que se les hizo un perfil de lípidos sanguíneos durante el año 2006. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, tipo de aseguramiento, estado de portador de hipertensión arterial, de diabetes mellitus o de ambas patologías crónicas a la vez. Se realizó un análisis univariado, seguido de un análisis multivariado, mediante un modelo logístico múltiple. La única variable asociada con la dislipidemia fue el índice de masa corporal, tanto en el análisis univariado como en el multivariado; las variables restantes no mostraron asociación estadística. Aquellos pacientes con mayor índice de masa corporal presentan un mayor riesgo de tener un perfil alterado de lípidos sanguíneos.This study is aimed at analyzing the association between alterations in the blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia) and the exposure to socioeconomic, biotype and pathological conditions in patients in the Montes de Oca Health Service Area. A case-control study was conducted with a total of 135 cases and 135 controls that were between 20 and 65 years of age and were tested in 2006 for a blood lipid profile. Variables analyzed were: age, sex, body mass index, insurance type and presence of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both chronic pathologies simultaneously. A univariate analysis was followed by a multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic model. The only variable associated with dyslipidemia was body mass index in both the univariate and multivariate analyses. The rest of the variables showed no statistical association. Patients with higher body mass index exhibit a higher risk of an altered blood lipid profile

High body adiposity drives glucose intolerance and increases cardiovascular risk in normoglycemic subjects

Objective: We aimed to assess the utility of the 2 - hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value to discriminate between different cardiometabolic profiles and examine the role of body composition to predict the associated increased risk for glucose impairment, beta cell dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Methods: Subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG) completed a 2 - h OGTT and were categorized to the carbohydrate metabolism alterations (CMA) or contro l group based upon a 2 - h glucose threshold of 7.8 mmol l - 1 . Body composition, visceral adipose tissue, OGTT - based parameters and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, non - alcoholic fatty liver disea se and smoking status, were measured. Results: Subjects with CMA exhibited a significantly higher 1 - h postload glucose, greater decline in beta cell function and CVRF profile. After multivariate adjustment, excess of total body and visceral fat was associ ated with an increased risk of CMA, - cell dysfunction, CVRF and a lower whole - body insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These data support the ethiopathogenic role of body and visceral fat in the development of glucose derangements and CVRF early on in the metabolic dysregulation process. Thus, body composition analysis and OGTT assessment performed in individuals with NFG enables a better identification of patients at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Analytical Solution for Electrical Problem Forced by a Finite-Length Needle Electrode: Implications in Electrostimulation

[EN] Needle electrodes, widely used in clinical procedures, are responsible for creating an electric field in the treated biological tissue. This is achieved by setting a constant voltage along the length of their metallic section. In accordance with Laplace's equation, the electric field is spatially non-uniform around the electrode surface. Mathematical modelling can provide useful information on the spatial distribution of electrical fields. Indeed, exact solutions for the electrical problem are indispensable for validating numerical codes. All the analytical models developed to date to solve the needle electrode electrical problem have been one-dimensional models, which assumed an electrode of infinite length. We here propose the first analytical solution based on a two-dimensional model that considers the real length of the electrode in which the Laplace equation is solved through the method of separation of variables, dealing with the nonhomogeneous source term and boundary conditions by Green's functions. On assuming a needle electrode of given length, the problem combines boundary conditions on the electrode boundary (of the first and second kind). Since this rules out using the Sturm-Liouville Theorem, the problem is decomposed into two different problems and the principle of superposition is used. The solution obtained can reproduce a reasonable electric field around the electrode, especially the edge effect characterized by an extremely high gradient around the electrode tip.This work was supported by the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi (Mexico), which granted R. Romero-Mendez who is on a sabbatical leave to do research in the field of biomedical engineering. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades under "Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad" (grant number: RTI2018-094357-B-C21).Romero-Méndez, R.; Pérez-Gutiérrez, FG.; Oviedo-Tolentino, F.; Berjano, E. (2019). Analytical Solution for Electrical Problem Forced by a Finite-Length Needle Electrode: Implications in Electrostimulation. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2404818S110Mulier, S., Miao, Y., Mulier, P., Dupas, B., Pereira, P., de Baere, T., … Ni, Y. (2005). Electrodes and multiple electrode systems for radiofrequency ablation: a proposal for updated terminology. European Radiology, 15(4), 798-808. doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2584-xMerrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005). Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 141(2), 171-198. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020Cogan, S. F. (2008). Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 10(1), 275-309. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518Kwon, H., Rutkove, S. B., & Sanchez, B. (2017). Recording characteristics of electrical impedance myography needle electrodes. Physiological Measurement, 38(9), 1748-1765. doi:10.1088/1361-6579/aa80acBurdío, F., Berjano, E. J., Navarro, A., Burdío, J. M., Güemes, A., Grande, L., … de Gregorio, M. A. (2007). RF tumor ablation with internally cooled electrodes and saline infusion: what is the optimal location of the saline infusion? BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 6(1), 30. doi:10.1186/1475-925x-6-30Zhang, B., Moser, M. A. J., Zhang, E. M., Luo, Y., Liu, C., & Zhang, W. (2016). A review of radiofrequency ablation: Large target tissue necrosis and mathematical modelling. Physica Medica, 32(8), 961-971. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.092Samoudi, A. M., Kampusch, S., Tanghe, E., Széles, J. C., Martens, L., Kaniusas, E., & Joseph, W. (2017). Numerical modeling of percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a realistic 3D model to evaluate sensitivity of neural activation to electrode position. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 55(10), 1763-1772. doi:10.1007/s11517-017-1629-7Samoudi, A. M., Vermeeren, G., Tanghe, E., Van Holen, R., Martens, L., & Josephs, W. (2016). Numerically simulated exposure of children and adults to pulsed gradient fields in MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 44(5), 1360-1367. doi:10.1002/jmri.25257Trujillo, M., Bon, J., José Rivera, M., Burdío, F., & Berjano, E. (2016). Computer modelling of an impedance-controlled pulsing protocol for RF tumour ablation with a cooled electrode. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 32(8), 931-939. doi:10.1080/02656736.2016.1190868Ewertowska, E., Mercadal, B., Muñoz, V., Ivorra, A., Trujillo, M., & Berjano, E. (2017). Effect of applied voltage, duration and repetition frequency of RF pulses for pain relief on temperature spikes and electrical field: a computer modelling study. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 34(1), 112-121. doi:10.1080/02656736.2017.1323122Zhang, B., Moser, M. A. J., Zhang, E. M., Luo, Y., & Zhang, W. (2016). A new approach to feedback control of radiofrequency ablation systems for large coagulation zones. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 33(4), 367-377. doi:10.1080/02656736.2016.1263365Haemmerich, D., Chachati, L., Wright, A. S., Mahvi, D. M., Lee, F. T., & Webster, J. G. (2003). Hepatic radiofrequency ablation with internally cooled probes: effect of coolant temperature on lesion size. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 50(4), 493-500. doi:10.1109/tbme.2003.809488López Molina, J. A., Rivera, M. J., & Berjano, E. (2017). Analytical transient-time solution for temperature in non perfused tissue during radiofrequency ablation. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 42, 618-635. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2016.10.044Romero-Méndez, R., & Berjano, E. (2017). An Analytical Solution for Radiofrequency Ablation with a Cooled Cylindrical Electrode. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017, 1-12. doi:10.1155/2017/9021616Verhey, J., Nathan, N., Rienhoff, O., Kikinis, R., Rakebrandt, F., & D’Ambra, M. (2006). BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 5(1), 17. doi:10.1186/1475-925x-5-1

Use of whole-body vibration as a mode of warming up before counter movement jump

This study was conducted without any conflict of interest, without financial assistance, and supported by grants from the Consejo Superior de Deportes (109/UPB31/03, 13/UPB20/04), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AP2003-2128, AP-2004-2745; AP2005-3827; AP2005-4358) and the HELENA study (European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme, FOOD-CT-005-007034)

Análisis del somatotipo de jugadores juveniles de fútbol asociación

The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects in association football were rarely considered in the selection of young soccer players in relation to their positions on the pitch. At present, in this sport it is becoming more and more frequent, as well as adding variables that contribute to the improvement of sports performance. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the somatotype of amateur level players enrolled in the delfines academy who participate in the Veracruz soccer league, within the selection criteria of the participants is that they are in the age range of 14-17 years, they were evaluated for body composition through the bioimpedance technique (tanita tbf 300a, manual), with this the values ​​of weight, height, and BMI were obtained. Likewise, the anthropometry technique was obtained to obtain a complete profile of each player taking as a reference the calculation of the Heath - Carter somatotype, one of the results obtained is the prevalence of the endomorph somatotype for the forwards (2.87 ± 0. 76), defenders (2.99±0.55) and midfielders (2.55±0.47) and mesomorph: forwards (5.34±1.17), defenders (5.86±1.55) and midfielders (4.71±0.67), It was shown that the means present less mesomorphy and greater ectomorphy with (3.64±1.29). It is concluded from the results obtained that the predominance is of the balanced mesomorphic component, a situation that coincides with the results of other investigations, where the players of the amateur sector and professional soccer players according to the position they occupy on the pitch presenting a somatotype similar to those found in the studyLas características antropométricas de los sujetos en el fútbol asociación pocas veces eran consideradas en la selección de los jóvenes futbolistas en relación con sus posiciones dentro del terreno de juego. En la actualidad, en este deporte se hace cada vez más frecuente, así como sumar variables que coadyuvan a la mejora del rendimiento deportivo. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es identificar y analizar el somatotipo de jugadores de nivel amateur inscritos en la academia delfines que participa en la liga veracruzana de fútbol, dentro de los criterios de selección de los participantes es que estén en el rango de edad de 14-17 años, a ellos se les evaluación de composición corporal a través de la técnica de bioimpedancia (tanita tbf 300a, manual), con ello se obtuvieron los valores de peso, talla, IMC. Así mismo se utilizó la técnica de antropometría para obtener un perfil completo de cada jugador tomando como referencia el cálculo del somatotipo de Heath – Carter, alguno de los resultados obtenidos es la prevalencia del somatotipo de endomorfo para los delanteros (2,87±0,76), defensas (2.99±0,55) y medios campistas (2,55±0,47) y mesomorfo: delanteros (5,34±1,17), defensas (5,86±1,55) y medios campistas (4,71±0,67), Se observó que los medios presentan menor mesomorfia y mayor ectomorfia con (3,64 ±1,29). Se concluye por los resultados obtenidos que la predominancia es del componente mesomórfico balanceado, situación que coinciden con los resultados de otras investigaciones, donde los jugadores del sector amateur y jugadores de fútbol profesional de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el terreno de juego presentan un somatotipo similar a los hallazgos en el estudio

Low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis persists after seven years of follow up and is associated with a poorer outcome

Low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis is defined by the presence of very low numbers of circulating clonal B cells, usually phenotypically similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, whose biological and clinical significance remains elusive. Herein, we re-evaluated 65/91 low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis cases (54 chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like and 11 non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like) followed-up for a median of seven years, using high-sensitivity flow cytometry and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, the clone size significantly increased in 69% of low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis cases, but only one subject progressed to high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. In parallel, the frequency of cytogenetic alterations increased over time (32% vs. 61% of cases, respectively). The absolute number of the major T-cell and natural killer cell populations also increased, but only among chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like cases with increased clone size vs. age- and sex-matched controls. Although progression to chronic lymphocytic leukemia was not observed, the overall survival of low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis individuals was significantly reduced vs. non-monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis controls (P=0.03) plus the general population from the same region (P≤0.001), particularly among females (P=0.01); infection and cancer were the main causes of death in low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. In summary, despite the fact that mid-term progression from low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia appears to be unlikely, these clones persist at increased numbers, usually carrying more genetic alterations, and might thus be a marker of an impaired immune system indirectly associated with a poorer outcome, particularly among females.This work was supported by the RD06/0020/0035 and RD12/0036/0048 grants from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, (Madrid, Spain and FONDOS FEDER); CB16/12/00400 grant (CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, (Madrid, Spain and FONDOS FEDER); the FIS PI06/0824-FEDER, PS09/02430-FEDER, PI12/00905- FEDER, DTS15/00119-FEDER, PI16/00787-FEDER and PI17/00399-FEDER grants, from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of Instituto de Salud Carlos III; the GRS206/A/08 grant, (Ayuda al Grupo GR37 de Excelencia, SAN/1778/2009) from the Gerencia Regional de Salud (Consejería de Educación and Consejería de Sanidad of Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain) and the SA079U14 grant (Consejería de Educación and Consejería de Sanidad of Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain). ML Gutiérrez is supported by grant PTA2014-09963-I from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Physiology of sport climbing

El presente trabajo revisa la literatura científica existente sobre la escalada deportiva con el objetivo de analizar en profundidad las características antropométricas y fisiológicas del escalador deportivo, así como las exigencias fisiológicas en el desarrollo de la actividad. La literatura revisada sugiere que los escaladores se caracterizan por tener un bajo peso corporal y un bajo porcentaje de masa grasa. También una alta fuerza de prensión manual y una alta fuerza resistencia. Algunos autores han considerado el consumo máximo de oxígeno como un determinante del rendimiento en escalada, sin embargo los resultados son contradictorios. Otros parámetros fisiológicos son analizados durante y después de la escalada. Se han detectado importantes diferencias metodológicas entre los estudios analizados, sugiriendo la necesidad de estandarizar los protocolos de evaluación en este deporte. La presente revisión contribuye de manera significativa a un mayor conocimiento de las características de este deporte y de quienes las practican, identificando diversas áreas de interés que requieren futuro estudio.The purpose of the present paper is to review the existing research on anthropometric and physiological characteristics of sport climbers as well as the physiological responses during the sport climbing. The literature suggests that the sport climbers are characterised by both a low percentage body fat and body mass. A high handgrip strength and high endurance strength also are specific characteristics of sport climbers. In contrast, it is not clear whether maximal oxygen consumption is a determinant of sport climbing performance. Several physiological parameters have been analysed during and after sport climbing such as heart rate, blood lactate and maximal strength. We have observed many differences in the assessment methodology between the studies, suggesting that a standardization of the evaluation protocols is needed in this sport discipline. This review provides a wide knowledge of the characteristics of this sport, as well as identifies particular areas that require further attention