This study was conducted without any conflict of interest, without 
financial assistance, and supported by grants from the Consejo Superior 
de Deportes (109/UPB31/03, 13/UPB20/04), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AP2003-2128, AP-2004-2745; AP2005-3827; AP2005-4358) and the HELENA study (European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme, FOOD-CT-005-007034)

Artero, Enrique G.

Carreño-Gálvez, Francisco

Castillo Garzón, Manuel J.

España Romero, Vanesa

Gutiérrez, Ángel

Jiménez Pavón, David

Ortega Porcel, Francisco Bartolomé

Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan

English

PubMed

Ortega Porcel, Francisco B.

Ruiz, Jonatan R.

Institutional Repository of the University of Granada

Use of whole-body vibration as a mode of warming up before counter movement jump

Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Granada

©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2007) 6, 574-575 http://www.jssm.org   Received: 14 November 2007 / Accepted: 20 November 2007 / Published (online): 01 December 2007        Use of whole-body vibration as a mode of warming up before counter movement jump   Dear Editor-in-chief,  Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been suggested to be particularly effective on the stretch-shortening cycle-based movements, such as the counter movement jump (CMJ) test (Issurin, 2005). Nevertheless, the literature on short-term vibration exposure and lower limb explosive performance (measured by CMJ test) is contradictory. Either transient improvements (Bosco et al., 2000; Coch-rane and Stannard, 2005; Torvinen et al., 2002a) or no effects (Torvinen et al., 2002b; Rittweger et al., 2003; Cormie et al., 2006) have been reported after a single WBV exposure ranging from 30 s to 10 min. The present study aimed at better characterizing the use of a single short bout of WBV as a mode of warming up before a CMJ test. A total of 114 university students (37 men, 77 women, aged 19.6 ± 2.0 years) signed an informed con-sent form and volunteered to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of our center. Participants were asked to come to the laboratory in three occasions three days apart. First visit: familiarization session aiming to learn the CMJ technique and to experi-ence the vibration stimulus. Second visit: the participants performed three consecutive CMJ with one min rest inter-val. No significant differences were observed among the jumps, and the highest score was retained. Third visit: the participants were exposed to a single short bout of WBV and immediately after they performed three CMJ with one min rest interval. An infrared contact timing platform (ERGO JUMP Plus – BOSCO SYSTEM, Byomedic, S.C.P., Barcelona, Spain) was used to measure “flight” time (t) during the vertical jump (accuracy 0.001 s). Maximum height achieved by the body centre of gravity (h) was then esti-mated, i.e. h = g · t2 / 8, where g = 9.81 m/s2. In all occa-sions, the participants were instructed to abstain from strenuous exercise for the preceding 24 hours. Whole-body vibration was carried out on an oscil-lating vibrating platform (Galileo 900, Novotec, Pforz-heim, Germany). Since a suitable protocol of WBV has not been definitely established (Cormie et al., 2006), participants were randomly allocated into five groups with different vibration protocols. The proportion of males (from 30.8 to 36.8 %) was similar in the five groups. Vibration amplitude was fixed at ± 3 mm (i.e., peak-to-peak of 6 mm) for all groups, while frequency and duration ranged from 20 to 30 Hz and 90 or 120 s, respectively (Table 1). The time over the platform was equally distributed in three positions: 1st) isometric squat at a knee angle of approximately 120º, standing on the toes; 2nd) isometric squat at a knee angle of approximately 120º, standing on the whole foot; and 3rd) dynamic half squats (lower limit: 90º knee angle) at a fixed rhythm marked by a metronome (2.4 s per squat). Sport shoes were required during the entire vibration stimulus and all CMJ tests. The interaction between sex, WBV protocol-group and CMJ performance was analysed by means of two-way repeated measures analysis of the variance (ANOVA). Since no significant interaction was found, males and females, as well as the five groups were analyzed together by repeated measured analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with sex and WBV protocol-group as covariates. All the residuals showed a satisfactory pattern. Pairwise compari-sons were performed with Bonferroni adjustment. The analysis was performed using the SPSS software v 15.0.1., and the level of significance was set at 5%. The CMJ performance significantly decreased im-mediately after WBV was applied (p < 0.001). This de-crease did not differ among the five WBV protocols used, and ranged between 1.1 cm for the 20 Hz - 90 s group and 2.7 cm for the 20 Hz - 120 s group. In the jumps per-formed one and two min after WBV, the performance was recovered up to the level achieved in the absence of WBV. Since the effect of the five different WBV proto-cols on CMJ performance did not significantly differ, the results are presented jointly (Figure 1). Reports concerning acute effects of WBV on jump performance yield conflicting results. Transient benefits of 2.5, 4 and 8 % in CMJ height has been reported after 4 min (Torvinen et al., 2002a), 10 min (Bosco et al., 2000) and 5 min (Cochrane and Stannard, 2005) of WBV             Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample. Data are presented as mean (SD).  20 Hz, 90 s 25 Hz, 90 s 30 Hz, 90 s 20 Hz, 120 s 25 Hz, 120 s WBV protocol (n = 19) (n = 19) (n = 26) (n = 28) (n = 22) males 19.3 (.5) 20.6 (.7) 21.5 (.3) 19.3 (.5) 19.0 (.0) Age  (years) females 19.2 (.5) 19.4 (.8) 20.0 (.4) 19.4 (.9) 19.1 (.3) males 76.9 (12.5) 77.0 (11.7) 78.0 (8.7) 80.2 (11.0) 73.6 (14.2) Weight (kg) females 60.7 (6.1) 60.2 (9.2) 59.0 (5.1) 58.0 (9.0) 56.7 (7.8) males 1.76 (.06) 1.72 (.08) 1.78 (.07) 1.79 (.06) 1.75 (.07) Height (m) females 1.64 (.05) 1.63 (.05) 1.62 (.05) 1.64 (.07) 1.62 (.05)               WBV: whole-body vibration. Letter to Editor Whole-body vibration and warm up    575    Figure 1. Effect of a single bout of WBV on counter movement jump performance. Data are ex-pressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Since no significant interaction was found, males and females, as well as the five WBV protocol-groups, were analysed together. * p<0.001 for comparisons with all the other jumps.  stimulus, respectively. The lack of improvement in our study may be partially explained by the time elapsed between the vibration stimulus and the jump test, since our subjects performed the CMJ immediately after the WBV exposure. The different training level of the partici-pants may also explain discrepancies among studies, as our subjects were not engaged in any regular exercise practice. It has been reported that elite athletes may obtain more benefits from WBV than amateur athletes do (Issurin and Tenenbaum, 1999). In agreement with our results, other studies did not show improvement on CMJ performance after a single bout of WBV (Cormie et al., 2006; Rittweger et al., 2003; Torvinen et al., 2002b). Compared with our results, Cormie et al. (2006) did not find an impairment of CMJ performance immediately after a single WBV bout of 30 s, which may be associated with their shorter WBV stimu-lus (30 s), the interval actually elapsed between WBV and CMJ test, and the higher training level of their partici-pants. In summary, whole-body vibration combined with voluntary contractions does not seem to be a useful method for warming up before activities involving verti-cal jumps. At least one minute interval recovery should be allowed when using WBV in a range of 20-30 Hz and 90 or 120 s if maximal jump performance is required.  Enrique G. Artero1 , Vanesa España-Romero1, Francisco B. Ortega1, David Jiménez-Pavón1,2, Francisco Carreño-Gálvez1, Jonatan R. Ruiz1, Ángel Gutiérrez 1 and Manuel J. Castillo1   1 EFFECTS 262 Group. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada. Granada, Spain. 2 Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.  Acknowledgment This study was conducted without any conflict of interest, without financial assistance, and supported by grants from the Consejo Superior de Deportes (109/UPB31/03, 13/UPB20/04), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AP2003-2128, AP-2004-2745; AP2005-3827; AP2005-4358) and the HELENA study (European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme, FOOD-CT-2005-007034). We also acknowledge Maria T. Miranda (Biostatistics Department, University of Granada) for her help with the statistics.  References  Bosco, C., Iacovelli, M., Tsarpela, O., Cardinale, M., Bonifazi, M., Tihanyi, J., Viru, M., De Lorenzo, A. and Viru, A. (2000) Hor-monal responses to whole-body vibration in men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 81, 449-454. Cochrane, D.J. and Stannard, S. R. (2005) Acute whole body vibration training increases vertical jump and flexibility performance in elite female field hockey players. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, 860-865. Cormie, P., Deane, R.S., Triplett, N.T. and Mcbride, J. M. (2006) Acute effects of whole-body vibration on muscle activity, strength, and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, 257-261. Issurin, V.B. (2005) Vibrations and their applications in sport. A review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 45, 324-336. Issurin, V.B. and Tenenbaum, G. (1999) Acute and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and amateur athletes. Journal of Sports Science 17, 177-182. Rittweger, J., Mutschelknauss, M. and Felsenberg, D. (2003) Acute changes in neuromuscular excitability after exhaustive whole body vibration exercise as compared to exhaustion by squatting exercise. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 23, 81-86. Torvinen, S., Kannu, P., Sievanen, H., Jarvinen, T. A., Pasanen, M., Kontulainen, S., Jarvinen, T.L., Jarvinen, M., Oja, P. and Vuori, I. (2002a) Effect of a vibration exposure on muscular perform-ance and body balance. Randomized cross-over study. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 22, 145-152. Torvinen, S., Sievanen, H., Jarvinen, T.A., Pasanen, M., Kontulainen, S. and Kannus, P. (2002b) Effect of 4-min vertical whole body vi-bration on muscle performance and body balance: a randomized cross-over study. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23, 374-379.   Enrique García Artero Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada. Avd. Madrid s/n. CP: 18012. Granada, Spain.  E-mail: artero@ugr.es   

Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been suggested to be particularly effective on the stretch-shortening cycle-based movements, such as the counter movement jump (CMJ) test (Issurin, 2005). Nevertheless, the literature on short-term vibration exposure and lower limb explosive performance (measured by CMJ test) is contradictory. Either transient improvements (Bosco et al., 2000; Cochrane and Stannard, 2005; Torvinen et al., 2002a) or no effects (Torvinen et al., 2002b; Rittweger et al., 2003; Cormie et al., 2006) have been reported after a single WBV exposure ranging from 30 s to 10 min. The present study aimed at better characterizing the use of a single short bout of WBV as a mode of warming up before a CMJ test.A total of 114 university students (37 men, 77 women, aged 19.6 ± 2.0 years) signed an informed consent form and volunteered to participate in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects of our center. Participants were asked to come to the laboratory in three occasions three days apart. First visit: familiarization session aiming to learn the CMJ technique and to experience the vibration stimulus. Second visit: the participants performed three consecutive CMJ with one min rest interval. No significant differences were observed among the jumps, and the highest score was retained. Third visit: the participants were exposed to a single short bout of WBV and immediately after they performed three CMJ with one min rest interval.An infrared contact timing platform (ERGO JUMP Plus - BOSCO SYSTEM, Byomedic, S.C.P., Barcelona, Spain) was used to measure "flight" time (t) during the vertical jump (accuracy 0.001 s). Maximum height achieved by the body centre of gravity (h) was then estimated, i.e. h = g · t2 / 8, where g = 9.81 m/s2. In all occasions, the participants were instructed to abstain from strenuous exercise for the preceding 24 hours.Whole-body vibration was carried out on an oscillating vibrating platform (Galileo 900, Novotec, Pforzheim, Germany). Since a suitable protocol of WBV has not been definitely established (Cormie et al., 2006), participants were randomly allocated into five groups with different vibration protocols. The proportion of males (from 30.8 to 36.8 %) was similar in the five groups. Vibration amplitude was fixed at ± 3 mm (i.e., peak-to-peak of 6 mm) for all groups, while frequency and duration ranged from 20 to 30 Hz and 90 or 120 s, respectively (Table 1). The time over the platform was equally distributed in three positions: 1st) isometric squat at a knee angle of approximately 120º, standing on the toes; 2nd) isometric squat at a knee angle of approximately 120º, standing on the whole foot; and 3rd) dynamic half squats (lower limit: 90º knee angle) at a fixed rhythm marked by a metronome (2.4 s per squat). Sport shoes were required during the entire vibration stimulus and all CMJ tests.The interaction between sex, WBV protocol- group and CMJ performance was analysed by means of two-way repeated measures analysis of the variance (ANOVA). Since no significant interaction was found, males and females, as well as the five groups were analyzed together by repeated measured analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with sex and WBV protocol-group as covariates. All the residuals showed a satisfactory pattern. Pairwise comparisons were performed with Bonferroni adjustment. The analysis was performed using the SPSS software v 15.0.1., and the level of significance was set at 5%.The CMJ performance significantly decreased immediately after WBV was applied (p < 0.001). This decrease did not differ among the five WBV protocols used, and ranged between 1.1 cm for the 20 Hz - 90 s group and 2.7 cm for the 20 Hz - 120 s group. In the jumps performed one and two min after WBV, the performance was recovered up to the level achieved in the absence of WBV. Since the effect of the five different WBV protocols on CMJ performance did not significantly differ, the results are presented jointly (Figure 1).Reports concerning acute effects of WBV on jump performance yield conflicting results. Transient benefits of 2.5, 4 and 8 % in CMJ height has been reported after 4 min (Torvinen et al., 2002a), 10 min (Bosco et al., 2000) and 5 min (Cochrane and Stannard, 2005) of WBV stimulus, respectively. The lack of improvement in our study may be partially explained by the time elapsed between the vibration stimulus and the jump test, since our subjects performed the CMJ immediately after the WBV exposure. The different training level of the participants may also explain discrepancies among studies, as our subjects were not engaged in any regular exercise practice. It has been reported that elite athletes may obtain more benefits from WBV than amateur athletes do (Issurin and Tenenbaum, 1999). In agreement with our results, other studies did not show improvement on CMJ performance after a single bout of WBV (Cormie et al., 2006; Rittweger et al., 2003; Torvinen et al., 2002b). Compared with our results, Cormie et al., 2006 did not find an impairment of CMJ performance immediately after a single WBV bout of 30 s, which may be associated with their shorter WBV stimulus (30 s), the interval actually elapsed between WBV and CMJ test, and the higher training level of their participants.In summary, whole-body vibration combined with voluntary contractions does not seem to be a useful method for warming up before activities involving vertical jumps. At least one minute interval recovery should be allowed when using WBV in a range of 20-30 Hz and 90 or 120 s if maximal jump performance is required.AcknowledgmentThis study was conducted without any conflict of interest, without financial assistance, and supported by grants from the Consejo Superior de Deportes (109/UPB31/03, 13/UPB20/04), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AP2003-2128, AP-2004-2745; AP2005-3827; AP2005-4358) and the HELENA study (European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme, FOOD-CT-2005-007034). We also acknowledge Maria T. Miranda (Biostatistics Department, University of Granada) for her help with the statistic

Enrique G. Artero

Vanesa España-Romero

Francisco B. Ortega

David Jiménez-Pavón

Francisco Carreño-Gálvez

Jonatan R. Ruiz

Ángel Gutiérrez

Manuel J. Castillo

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USE OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION AS A MODE OF WARMING UP BEFORE COUNTER MOVEMENT JUMP

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Use of whole-body vibration as a mode of warming up before counter movement jump

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