Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallée'

This research was carried out to determine the effects of a brassinosteroid compound (22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide) on yield and quality attributes of a field-grown table grape cultivar 'Alphonse Lavallée'. The vines were sprayed at anthesis (first week of May) with the compound over two growing seasons. The solutions were prepared at the concentrations of control, 10-3 and 10-4 mg∙L-1. Clusters were harvested when those of the control vines reached 16 °Brix. Yield and quality parameters were analyzed. There were no clear effects of the compound on yield and quality, except for the cluster length. The low concentration resulted in longer clusters. High concentration increased the tensile strength of the pedicel to some degree. Seasonal differences were observed in most of the parameters studied

Effect of 22(S), 23(S)-Homobrassinolide on Adventitious Root Formation in Grape Rootstocks

In recent times, brassinosteroids have been identified as a group of hormones that regulate plant growthand development. They affect plant development from seed germination to senescence. The aim of thisresearch was to study the effects of brassinosteroids on the rooting of three American grapevine rootstocks(1103 Paulsen, 110 Richter and 99 Richter) used frequently to produce grafted grapevines. Rootstockcuttings were dipped for 10 minutes into five different concentrations of 22(S), 23(S)-homobrassinolide andplanted into a peat-perlite mixture. Data such as fresh and dry root weight, root number and developmentlevel were collected and assessed. Some shoot growth features were also determined. The results showedthat the grapevine rootstocks with the most significant response in improved root and shoot growth were1103 Paulsen, followed by 110 Richter. Root development level was influenced by both the rootstock andthe concentrations of the substance. The lowest concentration, 0.05 ppm, induced more root numbers in1103 Paulsen, while 0.15 ppm resulted in the highest number of roots in 99 Richter. A statistical analysis ofthe data revealed a significant difference between root development and shoot growth

Mixed Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Depressive Symptomatology in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Although ~50% of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience depression, treatment for this important and debilitating comorbidity is relatively understudied. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been increasingly utilized for the management of tremors in progressive PD. Several preliminary studies have shown the potential benefit of DBS for non-motor PD symptoms such as depression. Here, we critically evaluate seven recent randomized clinical trials of the effectiveness of DBS in reducing depressive symptomatology among individuals with PD. Findings are mixed for the effectiveness of DBS as a treatment for depression in PD. Our review suggests that this is due, in large part, to the anatomical and methodological variation across the DBS studies. We provide a comprehensive discussion of these variations and highlight the need to conduct larger, more controlled studies aimed specifically at evaluating the treatment of depression in PD patients

Investigating the effect of STEM based laboratory activities on preservice science teacher’s STEM awarenessSTEM temelli laboratuvar etkinliklerinin fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının STEM farkındalıklarına etkisinin incelenmesi

The rapid changes in science and technology have changed the traditional education concept by improving the accessibility of information. Current educational understandings require the application of flexible programs that respond to differences in the interests and abilities of the students and that can go into diversity within themselves. One of these approaches is the Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) approach. This study  aims to explore the effect of  STEM based laboratory activities on preservice teachers STEM awareness. The study was conducted in science laboratory practices-I course, which is included in the undergraduate science teacher education program. Quasi-experimental research  method was used to investigate the study. Participants were consist of 50 third grade preservice science teachers from Yüzüncü Yıl University Science Teacher Education Department who take the Laboratory Instruction of Science Instruction-I course. FeTeMM awareness scale developed by Buyruk and Korkmaz (2014) was used as data collection tool. Based on the results of the dependent sample t-test scores, STEM-based science laboratory applications increased  the experimental group students' awareness of STEM.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBilim ve teknolojideki hızlı değişimler bilgiye ulaşım olanaklarını geliştirerek geleneksel eğitim anlayışını değiştirmiştir. Güncel eğitim anlayışları, öğrencilerin gözlenen ilgi ve yetenekleri doğrultusunda farklılıklara cevap veren ve kendi içinde çeşitliliğe gidebilen esnek programların uygulanmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu anlayışlardan biri olan STEM yaklaşımı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Araştırmada Fen bilgisi öğretmenliği lisans programında yer alan Fen Öğretimi Laboratuvar Uygulamaları-I dersinin STEM temelli etkinlikler ile yürütülmesi sürecinin öğretmen adaylarının STEM farkındalık düzeylerine etkisini ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden öntest-sontest eşitlenmemiş kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalı Fen Öğretimi Laboratuvar Uygulamaları-I dersini alan üçüncü sınıf 50 katılımcıdan oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Buyruk ve Korkmaz (2014) tarafından geliştirilen STEM farkındalık ölçeği kullanılmıştır. STEM temelli fen laboratuvarı uygulamaları sonrasında deney grubu öğrencilerinin STEM’ e yönelik farkındalık durumları ön test ve son test puanları arasındaki farkın anlamlılığına ilişkin bağımlı örneklem t testi sonuçlarına göre STEM temelli fen laboratuvarı uygulamalarının öğretmen adaylarının STEM farkındalıklarını artırmada anlamlı bir fark oluşturduğu görülmüştür

Predictors of relapse among smokers: Transtheoretical effort variables, demographics, and smoking severity

The present longitudinal study investigates baseline assessments of static and dynamic variables, including demographic characteristics, smoking severity, and Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) effort variables (Decisional Balance (i.e. Pros and Cons), Situational Temptations, and Processes of Change) of relapse among individuals who were abstinent at 12 months. The study sample (N = 521) was derived from an integrated dataset of four population-based smoking cessation interventions. Several key findings included: Participants who were aged 25–44 and 45–64 (OR = .43, p = .01 and OR = .40, p = .01, respectively) compared to being aged 18–24 were less likely to relapse at follow-up. Participants in the control group were more than twice as likely to relapse (OR = 2.17, p = .00) at follow-up compared to participants in the treatment group. Participants who reported higher Habit Strength scores were more likely to relapse (OR = 1.05, p = .02). Participants who had higher scores of Reinforcement Management (OR = 1.05, p = .04) and Self-Reevaluation (OR = 1.08, p = .01) were more likely to relapse. Findings add to one assumption that relapsers tend to relapse not solely due to smoking addiction severity, but due to immediate precursor factors such as emotional distress. One approach would be to provide additional expert guidance on how smokers can manage stress effectively when they enroll in treatment at any stage of change

Genetic diversity of wild and cultivated grapevine accessions from southeast Turkey

INRA UMR 1334 AGAP, Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces MéditerranéennesWild grapevine genetic diversity in southeast Turkey has not been documented to date. In the present work, in order to clarify the relationships between wild and cultivated grape accessions from southeastern Turkey, 22 nuclear and three chloroplast microsatellite loci were used on 21 wild grapevine Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) and 13 cultivated grapevine Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa accessions. The number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 4 (VVIn16) to 20 (VVIv67) and the mean allele number per locus was 10.09. Expected locus heterozygosity ranged from 0.586 (locus VVIb01) to 0.898 (locus (VVIv67)). The three cpSSR molecular markers presented variation in size both in cultivars and in wild Turkish accessions. Two size variants were detected for cpSSR3 (106 and 107 bp) for cpSSR5 (104 and 105 bp), and for cpSSR10 (115 and 116 bp). The six alleles in wild grapevines fell into three haplotypes B, C and D. A genetic structure according to accessions taxonomic status (wild or cultivated) was revealed by UPGMA analysis. This highlighted a clear separation between domesticated and wild accessions in Turkish germplasm. The results pointed out the need to further collect and characterize this wild and cultivated grapevine germplasm

Conceptual analysis of the role of risk management in internal auditing

Özel sektörde ve bazı ülkelerin kamu sektöründe uzun yıllardan beri uygulama alanı bulan iç denetim, ülkemizde de kamu sektöründe uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çerçevede, iç denetim 5018 sayılı Kamu Mali Yönetim ve Kontrol Kanunu ile sistemimize dahil edilmiştir. İç denetim, yeni bir kavram olmasından dolayı, faaliyet alanının ne olduğu, uygulamada kamu idarelerine ne tür yeni katkılar sağlayacağı, iç denetçinin yetkisinin ne olması gerektiği, mevcut denetim uygulamalarına göre ne gibi farklılıklar göstereceği sorgulanmaktadır. 5018 sayılı kanunda iç denetim; kamu idaresinin çalışmalarına değer katmak ve geliştirmek için kaynakların ekonomiklik, etkililik ve verimlilik esaslarına göre yönetilip yönetilmediğini değerlendirmek ve rehberlik yapmak amacıyla yapılan bağımsız, nesnel güvence sağlama ve danışmanlık faaliyeti olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu faaliyetler,'' idarelerin yönetim ve kontrol yapıları ile mali işlemlerinin risk yönetimi, yönetim ve kontrol süreçlerinin etkinliğini değerlendirmek ve geliştirmek yönünde sistematik, sürekli ve disiplinli bir yaklaşımla ve genel kabul görmüş standartlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilir hükmü ile iç denetimin risk yönetimindeki rolü belirlenmiştir. İç denetimin, sertifikalı İç denetçiler tarafından yapılması benimsenmiştir. Yeni denetim anlayışında ön plana çıkan en önemli husus, risk esasına dayalı denetimdir. İç Denetçiler, süreç bittikten sonra değil süreç içerisinde kontrollerin etkinliğini değerlendiren, kontrollerin eksikliği durumunda önerilerde bulunan aktörler konumuna getirilmiştir. Riski, yapılan bir iş sonucunda, elde edilmek istenen amaca yönelik her türlü tehdit olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. İç denetçiler, İdareler tarafından yapılan işlerin denetiminde süreç içerisinde olması muhtemel riskleri ve bu riskleri bertaraf edecek kontrolleri birlikte değerlendirmektedir. Dolayısı ile idarelerce riskin nasıl yönetildiğinin değerlendirilmesi İç denetiminin önemli görevlerinden birisi haline gelmiştir.Internal Auditing is a very well-known standard currently in application mainly in private sector throughout the world. It is beginning to be accepted as a de-facto standard in public sector of some countries. Turkey has recently passed a law number 5018 which regulates the use of internal audit in Turkish public financial management and control system. Because internal auditing is a new term in Turkey, its active field, its benefit to public sector, internal auditor's jurisdiction and it's differences from the current auditing mechanisms is still questioned. In the law numbered 5018, Internal Auditing is defined as follows: To add value to public administration and improve the work economic worth of resources, effectiveness and efficiency is essential to evaluate and manage to be managed by and guidance to make independent, objective assurance and consulting activity is robust. The role of Internal Auditing in Risk Management can be explained by; Internal auditing activities are taken in management, control and risk management of economical subjects of organizations with a systematic, continuous and disciplined approach by using appropriate generally approved standards. It is stated that Internal Auditing should be done by Certified Internal Audits. Risk based auditing is a crucial point in new auditing concept. With this concept, internal audits now qualify the effectiveness of controls not after the auditing process but during the process. Also they provide suggestions in cases like lack of control. It is possible for us to define the term Risk as; any treat that can affect the expected outcome of a process. In the auditing process of management procedures, internal audits should evaluate possible risks and counter measure controls together. Hence, evaluation of risk management done by organizations became an important duty of Internal Auditing

Evalutıon Of Green Buıldıng Crıterıa Accordıng To Development Level Of Countrıes

Amaç çevre bilincinin ve çevre koruma faaliyetlerinin, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre değişeceği hipotezinden hareketle, yeşil-bina sayılarının, sertifika çeşitlerinin ve derecelendirme kriterlerinin gelişmişlikle nasıl değiştiğinin incelenmesidir. Yeşil bina kavramı üzerinden, kalkınmış ve kalkınmakta olan ülkelerin çevresel öncelikleri ortaya konularak, yeşil bina belgelendirme ölçütlerinin (Enerji kullanımı, Su Verimliliği, Malzeme ve Kaynakların Kullanımı vb.) ülkelerin gelişmişlik seviyelerine göre nasıl değiştiği irdelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda öncelikli olarak yeşil bina sertifikaları araştırılmış, yeşil bina kriterlerine göre kıyaslama yapılacak ülkeler 2015 İnsani Gelişmişlik Raporu'na göre belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra Yeşil Bina Sertifikasyon Sistemleri içinden en yaygın olarak kullanılan LEED Değerlendirme Sistemi'nden elde edilen veriler kullanılarak gelişmişlik düzeyleri farklı olan ülkeler için yeşil bina sayıları, türleri, sertifika tipleri, yeni ve mevcut yeşil bina için de LEED kriterleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Tüm bu çalışmaların sonucunda öncelikli olarak tahmin edildiği gibi gelişmiş ülkelerdeki yeşil bina sertifika sayısının fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Bina türlerine göre ülkelerdeki Yeşil Bina Sertifikalarına bakıldığında mevcut bina, hastane, okul vb. bina türlerine kıyasla en fazla yeni bina türünden yeşil bina başvurusu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yeşil Bina kriterlerinden alınan toplam puanlara bakıldığı zaman ülkeler arasında çok büyük farklılıklar olmamasına rağmen her ülkenin farklı kriterleri sağlamada zorlandığı ortaya çıkmıştır.The objective of this study, by starting from the hypothesis that the environmental awareness and environmental protection activities shall vary according to the development level of the countries, is to review how the green-building numbers, its certificate types and its evaluation criteria are correlated with the countrys' development levels. The relationship how the green-building certification criteria (energy usage, water efficiency, materials and resources usage etc.) correlate with the development levels of the countries, by specifying how the environmental priorities of the developed and developing countries that are examined in the concept of green-building concept. In this content, the green-building certificates are preliminarily reviewed, and the countries which shall be compared according to the green-building criteria are determined according to 2015 Human Development Report. Thereafter, by using the data that is obtained in LEED Evaluation System which is most extensively used one in Green Building Certification Systems and the green building numbers, types, certificate types, LEED criteria for the existing and new green building are compared for the countries of which the development levels are different. As a result of this study, green building certification number in developed countries are high as experted. When looking, the green building number according to green building types (existing buildings, hospitals, schools, etc.), the number of new building application is higher than the other building types. When looking at the total scores of the green building criteria, there are no big differences but each country has some difficulties in getting different criteria