This research was carried out to determine the effects of a brassinosteroid compound (22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide) on yield and quality attributes of a field-grown table grape cultivar 'Alphonse Lavallée'. The vines were sprayed at anthesis (first week of May) with the compound over two growing seasons. The solutions were prepared at the concentrations of control, 10-3 and 10-4 mg∙L-1. Clusters were harvested when those of the control vines reached 16 °Brix. Yield and quality parameters were analyzed. There were no clear effects of the compound on yield and quality, except for the cluster length. The low concentration resulted in longer clusters. High concentration increased the tensile strength of the pedicel to some degree. Seasonal differences were observed in most of the parameters studied

Gökbayrak, Z.

Isci, B.

English

WOS: 000351257400003This research was carried out to determine the effects of a brassinosteroid compound (22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide) on yield and quality attributes of a field-grown table grape cultivar 'Alphonse Lavallee'. The vines were sprayed at anthesis (first week of May) with the compound over two growing seasons. The solutions were prepared at the concentrations of control, 10(-3) and 10(-4) mg.L-1. Clusters were harvested when those of the control vines reached 16 degrees Brix. Yield and quality parameters were analyzed. There were no clear effects of the compound on yield and quality, except for the cluster length. The low concentration resulted in longer clusters. High concentration increased the tensile strength of the pedicel to some degree. Seasonal differences were observed in most of the parameters studied

Gokbayrak, Z.

Ege University Institutional Repository

Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallee'

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Vitis 54, 17–19 (2015)Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallée'B. IŞÇI1) and Z. GÖKBAYRAK2)1)Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey2)Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, TurkeyCorrespondence to: Dr. Z. GÖKBAYRAK, Department of Horticul-ture, Faculty of Agriculture, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Univer-sity, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey, Fax: +902-862 180 545, E-mail: zelihayasa@gmail.comSummaryThis research was carried out to determine the ef-fects of a brassinosteroid compound (22S-, 23S-homo-brassinolide) on yield and quality attributes of a field-grown table grape cultivar 'Alphonse Lavallée'. The vines were sprayed at anthesis (first week of May) with the compound over two growing seasons. The solutions were prepared at the concentrations of control, 10-3 and 10-4 mg∙L-1. Clusters were harvested when those of the control vines reached 16 °Brix. Yield and quality param-eters were analyzed. There were no clear effects of the compound on yield and quality, except for the cluster length. The low concentration resulted in longer clus-ters. High concentration increased the tensile strength of the pedicel to some degree. Seasonal differences were observed in most of the parameters studied.K e y  w o r d s : brassinosteroid, homobrassinolide, grape, yield, quality.IntroductionApplications of growth regulators in viticulture aim to improve fruit yield and quality. Literature is abundant with the studies that involve hormones such as gibberel-lins, ethylene or auxin in grape growing. Brassinosteroids are a group of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development. Physiological functions they exert in a plant have not been yet fully documented. It is known that they are very low in a plant tissue. Effects of exogenous brassinosteroid applications have been studied in many fruit and vegetable crops, such as tomatoes (NUNEZ et al. 1995), pepper (SERNA et al. 2012), cucumber (YU et al. 2004), and passion fruit (GOMES et al. 2006) with varying results. The researchers have concluded that brassinosteroids could play a significant role in plant growth and development. Studies on grapes, on the oth-er hand, are very limited (WATANABAE et al. 1997, TAMBE 2002, SYMONS et al. 2006, WARUSAVITHARANA et al. 2008, BHAT et al. 2011). This research was undertaken to assess possible effects of exogenously applied brassinosteroid on yield and quality attributes of a table grape cultivar. It was also conducted to set up a time frame, concentration and mode for the BR application in a vineyard.Material and MethodsVitis vinifera L. table grape 'Alphonse Lavallée' was grafted on 41B rootstock in 2005. Implementations were carried out at the experimental vineyard located in Bor-nova, İzmir. The vineyard is on sandy and silt soil 2.0 x 3.0 m spacing. Guyot-trained vines were drip irrigated. During winters of 2011 and 2012, Bordeaux mix was ap-plied following pruning, and wettable powder sulphur was used when the summer shoots were 10 cm long.In order to determine effects of brassinosteroid on fruit yield and quality, the inflorescences were encased from three sides at anthesis and sprayed with different concen-trations of 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide solutions (control, 10-3 and 10-4 mg∙L-1) obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The substance was first dissolved in ethanol and then diluted with distilled water to the proper concentra-tion. The solution was used straight after the preparation. There were no other manipulations on the clusters. Control vines were sprayed with distilled water. During the course of development the vines were followed and harvested when the control vines reached 16 °Brix. After harvest, some quality and yield components were measured and recorded under lab conditions. Tensile strength of the pedicel (Newton, N) was measured with a penetrometer (Somyftec, France) on 30 berries taken from the clusters. The external berry color was measured at the equatorial area of each side of 30 berries using a colorimeter (CR-300, Minolta Co, Osaka, Japan), Average scores were recorded in terms of CIE-L* a* b* values. The colorimeter had an 8 mm diameter viewing area and was calibrated with a white tile (L* = 97.26, a* = +0.13, b* = +1.71). The total soluble solids (°Brix) content in the juice was determined with a digital refractometer (PR-1, Atago, Tokyo, Japan) and expressed as percentage. Titratable acidity was meas-ured by titration with 0.1 N NaOH to pH 8.1, and the re-sults were expressed as g tartaric acid∙100 mL-1 fruit juice.Statistical analysis was performed on completely ran-domized design with 3 replications that composed of four vines each. The data were analyzed by repetitive measures analysis of variance using SPSS (Chicago, IL, USA: v. 15.1; year: repetition, factor: concentrations) and means were compared by Tukey’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.Results and DiscussionThis study that was conducted in order to assess the ef-fects of 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide on the fruit yield and quality of 'Alphonse Lavallée' grapes revealed that differ-ences among the concentrations used were not distinguish- 18 B. IŞÇI and Z. GÖKBAYRAKable for most of the parameters studied (Tabs 1 and 2). The only significant effect of the 22S, 23S-homobrassinolide was observed on cluster length. Application of 10-4 mg∙L-1 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide resulted in considerably longer clusters (29.0 cm) compared to the 10-3 mg∙L-1 and control clusters (Tab. 1). Seasonal variations exerted sig-nificant effects on cluster weight, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, chroma values and tensile strength of the pedicel (Tab. 2). In general, the second-year application re-sulted in lower titratable acidity, less coloration, and lighter clusters (3.5 %). Maturity index and pH, on the other hand, were higher in the second year. Attachment strength of the pedicel to the stalk was also greater in the first year. Berries lost more color in the second year. At low concentration, the color was darker.Use of brassinosteroids in agricultural production as a plant growth regulator only dates back to the early nineties. Since then, due to their physiological effects on growth, germination, rooting, flowering, abscission and maturation (SWAMY and RAO 2008), they have been widely experimented with under field, greenhouse and laboratory conditions. In this study, 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide was applied at anthesis to the clusters by spraying at two different con-centrations. There were no clear effects of the compound on either yield or quality, except for the cluster length. CLOUSE et al. (1996) and HAUBRICK and ASSMANN (2006) reported that brassinosteroids promote stem elongation by regulating cell growth. Lower concentrations seemed to increase the length of the stalk. Furthermore, although not supported by the statistical analysis here, 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide applied at high concentration resulted in stronger attachment between the pedicel and the stalk. This was also observed in persimmons (SUZUKI et al. 1988) and oranges (SUGIYAMA and KURAISHI 1989) sprayed with brassinolide (0.01 mg∙L-1) at anthesis.It is reported that brassinosteroids degrade quickly (SYMONS et al. 2006, JANECZKO et al. 2010) and apply-ing more than once could ensure their lasting action. The not-so-clear effects of the compound applied in this study T a b l e  1Effects of 22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide on the yield and physical parameters of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallée' Pruning weight (kg) Yield (kg∙vine-1) Cluster weight (g)2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean10-3 mgL-1 10.62 11.82 11.22 19.13 19.35 19.24 468.80 443.22 456.0110-4 mgL-1 13.36 12.60 12.98 19.13 19.32 19.23 432.08 427.44 429.76control 12.22 12.97 12.60 21.33 20.43 20.88 447.37 430.34 438.85mean 12.07 12.46 19.86 19.70 449.41A 433.67BCluster width (cm) Cluster length (cm) Berry weight (g)2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean10-3 mgL-1 22.00 21.33 21.67 22.67 27.00 24.8b 6.24 6.29 6.2710-4 mgL-1 22.33 23.33 23.33 28.00 30.00 29.0a 6.40 6.61 6.40control 19.00 18.33 18.33 24.00 24.33 24.2b 6.21 6.53 6.37mean 21.11 21.00 24.89 27.11 6.28 6.41Capital letters denote the significant differences between the seasons and the small letters denote the significant differences among the concentrations of the chemical used (p ≤ 0.05).T a b l e  2Effects of 22S, 23S- homobrassinolide on the chemical parameters of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallee' °Brix pHTitratable acidity (g∙100 mL-1)2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean10-3 mgL-1 16.13 15.70 15.92 3.67 3.90 3.79 6.60 5.76 6.1810-4 mgL-1 15.67 15.07 15.37 3.60 4.30 3.95 7.30 5.50 6.40control 16.47 16.23 16.35 3.66 3.96 3.81 7.12 5.56 6.34mean 16.09 15.67 3.64B 4.05A 7.01A 5.61BMaturity index Tensile strength of the pedicel (N) Chroma (C)2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean 2011 2012 mean10-3 mgL-1 24.76 27.55 26.15 400.7 408.3 404.50 5.47 2.96 4.2210-4 mgL-1 21.69 28.56 25.12 311.7 321.0 316.33 4.81 3.11 3.96control 23.58 29.33 26.46 360.3 366.5 363.50 4.55 2.50 3.52mean 23.34B 28.48A 357.6A 356.3B 4.94A 2.86BCapital letters denote the significant differences between the seasons and the small letters denote the significant differences among the concentrations of the chemical used (p ≤ 0.05). Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grapes 19might have been worn off during the comparably long growing season. Although SYMONS et al. (2006) reported that epibrassinolide accelerated the veraison; it was not ob-served in the present study. Having no effect on the soluble solids content of the treated fruit was supported with the findings of GOMES et al. (2006) and SYMONS et al. (2006) by spraying passion fruit and grapes, respectively. It con-tradicted the results of VARDHINI and RAO in tomato (2002) and groundnut (1998) and of YU et al. (2004) in cucumber, who reported increases in sugars in fruits.In the studies on grapes, BHAT et al. (2011), TAMBE (2002) and WARUSAVITHARANA et al. (2008) combined brassinosteroids with other growth regulators, such as gib-berellins and cytokinins. BHAT et al. (2011) concluded that twice application of CPPU and 0.4 mg∙L-1 brassinosteroid resulted in better berry and cluster weights and berry num-bers. TAMBE (2002) and WARUSAVITHARANA et al. (2008) used brassinosteroid with GA3 at 3-4 mm berry stage and concluded that they both increased cell elongation and di-vision. WATANABAE et al. (1997) stated flowering time as the best time for application in 'Kyoho' grapes. The authors also reported increases in berry and cluster weights and no change in acidity, sugar accumulation, and color. In this present study, we have not found any significant differ-ences in the berry and cluster weights and other chemical composition parameters. This might be due to the compa-rably lower concentrations used.In conclusion, manifestation of the effects of brassi-nosteroids on fruit growth and quality largely depends on the type and concentration of the compound, the length of plant exposure, application time, frequency and mode. This present study is one of the few studies that have investigat-ed the effect of brassinosteroids on field-grown grapevines and provides new information for future studies.ReferencesBHAT, Z. A.; REDDY, Y. N., SRIHARI, D.; BHAT, J. A.; RASHID, R.; RATHER, J. A.; 2011: New generation growth regulators - brassinosteroids and CPPU improve bunch and berry characteristics in ‘Tas-A-Ganesh’ Grape. Int. J. Fruit Sci. 11, 309-315.CLOUSE, S. D.; LANGFORD, M.; MCMORRIS, T. C.; 1996: A brassinoster-oid-insensitive  mutant  in  Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits multiple defects in growth and development. Plant Physiol. 111, 671-678.HAUBRICK, L. L.; ASSMANN, S. M.; 2006: Brassinosteroids  and plant func-tion: some clues, more puzzles. Plant Cell Environ. 29, 446-457.JANECZKO, A.; BIESAGA-KOSCIELNIAK, J.; OKLESTKOVA, J.; FILEK, M.; DZI-URKA, M.; SZAREK-ŁUKASZEWSKA, G.; KOŚCIELNIAK, J.; 2010: Role of 24-epibrassinolide in wheat production: Physiological effects and uptake. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 196, 311-321. GOMES, M. M. A.; COMPOSTRINI, E.;   LEAL, N. R.; VIANA, A. P.; FERRAZ, T. M.; SIQUEIRA, L. D.; ROSA, R. C.; NETTO, A. T.; NUNEZ-VAZQUEZ, M.; ZULLO, M. A.; 2006: Brassinosteroid analogue effects on the yield of yellow passion fruit plants (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). Sci Hortic. 110, 235-240.NUNEZ, M.; TORRES, W.; COLL, F.; 1995: Efectividad de un análogo de brasinoesteroide sobre el rendimiento de plantas de papa y tomate. Cult. Tropic. 16, 26-27.SERNA, M.; HERNÁNDEZ, F.; COLL, F.; COLL, Y.; AMORÓS, A.; 2012: Brassi-nosteroid analogues effects on the yield and quality parameters of greenhouse-grown pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Plant Growth Regul. 68, 333-342.SUGIYAMA, K.; KURAISHI, S.; 1989; Stimulation of fruıt set of ‘Morita’ na-vel orange with brassinolide. Acta Hortic. (ISHS) 239, 345-348. SUZUKI, A.; MAOTANI, T.; NISHIMURA, T.; KUMAMOTO, O.; OSHIMA, K.; SHODA, T.; YAMANAKA, Y.; 1988; Effect of indolebutylic acid and brassinolide on physiological fruit drop of persimmons, 164-165. Abstr. Autumn Meeting Jap. Soc. Hortic. Sci. (in Japanese).SWAMY, K. N.; RAO, S. S. R.; 2008: Influence of 28-homobrassinolide on growth, photosynthesis metabolite and essential oil content of gera-nium [Pelargonium graveolens (L.) Herit]. Am. J. Plant Physiol. 3, 173-174.SYMONS, G. M.; DAVIES, C.; SHAVRUKOV, Y.; DRY, I. B.; REID, J. B.; THO-MAS, M. R.; 2006: Grapes on steroids. Brassinosteroids are involved in grape berry ripening. Plant Physiol. 140, 150-158.TAMBE, T. B.; 2002: Effect of gibbrellic acid in combination with brassi-nosteroid on berry size, yield and quality of Thompson Seedless grapes. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 27, 151-153.VARDHINI, B. V.; RAO, S. S. R.; 2002: Acceleration of ripening of tomato pericarp discs by brassinosteroids. Phytochemistry 61, 843-847.WARUSAVITHARANA, A. J.; TAMBE, T. B.; KSHIRSAGAR, D. B.; 2008: Effect of cytokinins and brassinosteroid with gibberellic acid on yield and quality of Thompson Seedless grapes. Acta Hortic. (ISHS) 785, 217-224.WATANABAE, T.; NOGUCHI, T.; KURIYAMA, H.; KADOTA, M.; TAKATSUTO, S.; KAMURO, Y.; 1997: Effects of brassinosteroid compound (TS203) on fruit setting, fruit growth, taking roots and cold-resistance. Proc. 8th Symposium Plant Bioregulators. Acta Hortic. (ISHS) 463, 267-270.YU, J. Q.; HUANG, L. F.; HU, W. H.; ZHOU, Y. H.; MAO, W. H.; YE, S. F.; NOGUES, S.; 2004: A role for brassinosteroids in the regulation of photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus. J. Exp. Bot. 55, 1135-1143.Received November 27, 2013

Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape  'Alphonse Lavallée'

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Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallée'

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