Obtención de biomasa lignocelulósica mediante el cultivo de células fotoautotróficas in vitro de bouteloua gracilis

En la presente investigación se logró el establecimiento de una línea celular fotoautotrófica, a partir de la adaptación de células altamente clorofílicas de Bouteloua gracilis, cultivadas en medio MS con vitaminas suplementado con 2,4-D (1 mg L-1), BA (2 mg L-1) y adenina (40 mg L-1), a condiciones en las cuales se omitió la adición de azúcares al medio. Las células crecieron a una velocidad de agitación de 100 rpm, irradiancia de 100 µmoles fotón m-2 s-1 y 3% de CO2 en la atmósfera del cultivo. Se obtuvo un tiempo de duplicación de 9,38 días en términos de peso fresco y el contenido de pigmentos en este cultivo celular fue de 489 µg de clorofila total g-1 PF y 228 µg de carotenoides g-1 PF al día 14 del cultivo. Posteriormente, las células de Bouteloua gracilis fueron cultivadas en un biorreactor de tanque agitado (volumen de trabajo, 2 L). Se definieron las condiciones de aireación y agitación, tales como el tipo de agitador (turbina Rushton), velocidad de agitación (100 rpm), velocidad de aireación (0,5 vvm), e irradiancia (250 µmol fotón m-2 s-1) para lograr el crecimiento celular. Bajo estas condiciones, las células heterotróficas de Bouteloua gracilis incrementaron su peso fresco cerca de 5,38 veces después de 13 d de cultivo. En el cultivo fotomixotrófico (5% de CO2 en aire y 0,1% de sacarosa en el medio de cultivo) la masa de las células se incrementó 2,35 veces en los 38 días del cultivo, mientras que en el caso de las células fotoautotróficas que crecieron con la misma concentración de CO2 en aire, pero sin azúcar en el medio de cultivo, el incremento en peso fresco de las células fue de 2,04 para este mismo periodo de tiempo. Aunque diferentes sistemas de cultivos celulares en suspensión han sido establecidos para cereales y pastos, este es el primer reporte de un cultivo celular fotoautotrófico en Poaceae. Se analizaron las células heterotróficas, fotomixotróficas y fotoautotróficas de Bouteloua gracilis, obtenidas en el biorreactor, en cuanto a su contenido de azúcares estructurales y lignina, encontrándose concentraciones entre 10,78 y 14,34% para celulosa, entre 4,46 y 9,13% para hemicelulosa y entre 8,84 y 11,2% para lignina.Abstract. In this reasearch a new photoautotrophic cell line was developed by adapting highly chlorophyllic Bouteloua gracilis cells, cultured in basal medium MS supplemented with 2,4-D (1mg/L), BA (2 mg/L) and adenine (40 mg/L), to sugar-free growth conditions . The cells grew at a stirring speed of 100 rpm, an irradiance of 150 µmol photons m-2 s-1 and 3% of CO2 in the culture atmosphere. A doubling time of 9,38 days was obtained in terms of fresh weight, while the pigments contents were 489 µg total chlorophyll g-1 FW and 228 µg carotenes g-1 FW culture. Bouteloua gracilis cells were subsequently cultured in a stirred tank bioreactor (2 L of effective volume), with defined operation conditions such as type of stirrer (Rushton turbine), stirring speed (100 rpm), aeration rate (0,5 vvm), and irradiance (250 μmol photon m-2 s-1). Under these conditions, heterotrophic cells of Bouteloua gracilis increased about 5,4 times its fresh weight after 13 days of culture. Additionally, photomixotrophic cells were grown with 5% CO2 in air, and 0,1 % sucrose in the culture medium. A cell mass increase of 2,3 times was obtained at day 38 day of the growth kinetics, while for those cells grown with the same concentration of CO2 in air, but without sugar in the medium the fresh weight increase was 2,04 for this date. Although different systems of plant cell cultures in suspension have been described for cereals and grasses, this is the first report for photoautotrophic cell suspension culture in Poaceae. Finally, the content of structural sugars and lignin concentration were also determined for the heterotrophic, photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic cells from Bouteloua gracilis obtained in the bioreactor, with values ranging between 10,8 and 14,3% for cellulose, 4,4 to 9,1% and hemicellulose and 8,8 and 11,2% lignin.Doctorad

Dimensionamiento preliminar de un biodigestor a partir de porcinaza generada en San Andrés isla

Livestock production in San Andrés is subsistence, there are 2,223 pigs, in 205 farms. This technology generates serious contamination problems. The results of the dimensioning a biodigester are presented, with the BioDigestor© software, from swine manure, with the objective of observing the technical-economic feasibility for the implementation of this technology. The capacity of the biodigester allows the processing of 12.31 t/d of manure, generating 276 MWh/year of electrical energy through the operation of a generator engine that works with biogas. The dimensioning of the biodigester included the calculation of the volume of the feed tank, biodigester, discharge tank, biogas storage, sludge drying bed, collection and conduction systems, heating and biogas utilization. An economic study was carried out which allowed to conclude on the viability of the project. The total cost of the digester amounts to 723,986,263 COP, which is equivalent to 21,925 COP/kW installed.La producción pecuaria en San Andrés es de subsistencia, hay 2,223 porcinos, en 205 predios. Esta tecnología genera serios problemas de contaminación. Se presentan los resultados del dimensionamiento de un biodigestor, con el programa BioDigestor©, a partir de porcinaza, con el objetivo de observar la factibilidad técnico-económica para la implementación de esta tecnología. La capacidad del biodigestor permite procesar 12.31 t/d de estiércol, generando 276 MWh/año de energía eléctrica mediante la operación de un motor generador que funciona con biogás. El dimensionamiento del biodigestor comprendió el cálculo del volumen del tanque de alimentación, biodigestor, tanque de descarga, almacenamiento de biogás, lecho de secado de lodos, sistemas de captación y conducción, calefacción y aprovechamiento del biogás. Se llevó a cabo un estudio económico el cual permitió concluir sobre la viabilidad del proyecto. El costo total del digestor asciende a 723,986, 263 COP, lo que equivale a 21,925 COP/kW instalado

ALTERNATIVAS DE REÚSO Y AHORRO DE AGUA POTABLE POR DISCONTINUIDAD EN EL ABASTECIMIENTO

Colombia es el tercer país con mayor cantidad de agua en el mundo, pese a esto, 13.8 millones de habitantes no tienen acceso al agua potable. Actualmente en Villa del Rosario (Norte de Santander, Colombia), se presenta un elevado desarrollo urbanístico debido a la necesidad de vivienda en la región, pero la infraestructura del acueducto existente presenta falencias importantes que no permiten garantizar la continuidad en la prestación del servicio. El servicio es prestado en promedio dos veces por semana, y las acciones de mejora para solucionar esta problemática están planteadas a mediano y largo plazo debido a la inversión económica para dar soluciones de fondo. Por esto, se hace necesario evaluar alternativas de reúso y ahorro del agua como una medida de solución a corto plazo para disminuir el consumo y poder garantizar que el volumen almacenado pueda durar más días. Se analizó el consumo básico de una vivienda midiendo el volumen gastado en las actividades diarias, donde se pudo determinar que los aparatos críticos en los que se pueden implementar alternativas de ahorro y reúso de agua mediante su aprovechamiento como aguas grises son la lavadora, el sanitario y la ducha; dando como resultado una reducción del consumo promedio mensual de una vivienda entre 10-13 m3 para un tanque de almacenamiento de 2000 L. Esto probablemente permite ampliar en seis días el tiempo sin tomar agua potable desde la red pública.

EstuPlan: Methodology for the development of creativity in the resolution of scientific and social problems

Creative thinking is necessary to generate novel ideas and solve problems."EstuPlan" is a methodology in which knowledge and creativity converge for the resolution of scientific problems with social projection. It is a training programme that integrates teachers, laboratory technicians and PhD students, master and undergraduate students which form working groups for the development of projects. Projects have a broad and essential scope and projection in terms of environmental problems, sustainable use of natural resources, food, health, biotechnology or biomedicine. The results show the success of this significant learning methodology using tools to develop creativity in responding to scientific and social demand for problem-solving to transfer academic knowledge to different professional environments. Bioplastics, Second Life of Coffee, LimBio, Algae oils, Ecomers, Caring for the life of your crop and Hate to Deforestate are currently being developed

Marco activo de recursos de innovación docente: Madrid

Una guía de espacios e instituciones para actividades educativas complementarias en enseñanza secundaria y Formación Profesional

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Drosophila evolution over space and time (DEST):A new population genomics resource

Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model in population genetics and genomics, and a growing number of whole-genome datasets from natural populations of this species have been published over the last years. A major challenge is the integration of disparate datasets, often generated using different sequencing technologies and bioinformatic pipelines, which hampers our ability to address questions about the evolution of this species. Here we address these issues by developing a bioinformatics pipeline that maps pooled sequencing (Pool-Seq) reads from D. melanogaster to a hologenome consisting of fly and symbiont genomes and estimates allele frequencies using either a heuristic (PoolSNP) or a probabilistic variant caller (SNAPE-pooled). We use this pipeline to generate the largest data repository of genomic data available for D. melanogaster to date, encompassing 271 previously published and unpublished population samples from over 100 locations in > 20 countries on four continents. Several of these locations have been sampled at different seasons across multiple years. This dataset, which we call Drosophila Evolution over Space and Time (DEST), is coupled with sampling and environmental meta-data. A web-based genome browser and web portal provide easy access to the SNP dataset. We further provide guidelines on how to use Pool-Seq data for model-based demographic inference. Our aim is to provide this scalable platform as a community resource which can be easily extended via future efforts for an even more extensive cosmopolitan dataset. Our resource will enable population geneticists to analyze spatio-temporal genetic patterns and evolutionary dynamics of D. melanogaster populations in unprecedented detail.DrosEU is funded by a Special Topic Networks (STN) grant from the European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB). MK (M. Kapun) was supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (grant no. FWF P32275); JG by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (H2020-ERC-2014-CoG-647900) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (BFU-2011-24397); TF by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF grants PP00P3_133641, PP00P3_165836, and 31003A_182262) and a Mercator Fellowship from the German Research Foundation (DFG), held as a EvoPAD Visiting Professor at the Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster; AOB by the National Institutes of Health (R35 GM119686); MK (M. Kankare) by Academy of Finland grant 322980; VL by Danish Natural Science Research Council (FNU) grant 4002-00113B; FS Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant STA1154/4-1, Project 408908608; JP by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Projects 274388701 and 347368302; AU by FPI fellowship (BES-2012-052999); ET Israel Science Foundation (ISF) grant 1737/17; MSV, MSR and MJ by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (451-03-68/2020-14/200178); AP, KE and MT by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (451-03-68/2020-14/200007); and TM NSERC grant RGPIN-2018-05551.Peer reviewe

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Jardins per a la salut

Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona. Ensenyament: Grau de Farmàcia. Assignatura: Botànica farmacèutica. Curs: 2014-2015. Coordinadors: Joan Simon, Cèsar Blanché i Maria Bosch.Els materials que aquí es presenten són el recull de les fitxes botàniques de 128 espècies presents en el Jardí Ferran Soldevila de l’Edifici Històric de la UB. Els treballs han estat realitzats manera individual per part dels estudiants dels grups M-3 i T-1 de l’assignatura Botànica Farmacèutica durant els mesos de febrer a maig del curs 2014-15 com a resultat final del Projecte d’Innovació Docent «Jardins per a la salut: aprenentatge servei a Botànica farmacèutica» (codi 2014PID-UB/054). Tots els treballs s’han dut a terme a través de la plataforma de GoogleDocs i han estat tutoritzats pels professors de l’assignatura. L’objectiu principal de l’activitat ha estat fomentar l’aprenentatge autònom i col·laboratiu en Botànica farmacèutica. També s’ha pretès motivar els estudiants a través del retorn de part del seu esforç a la societat a través d’una experiència d’Aprenentatge-Servei, deixant disponible finalment el treball dels estudiants per a poder ser consultable a través d’una Web pública amb la possibilitat de poder-ho fer in-situ en el propi jardí mitjançant codis QR amb un smartphone