Standpoint Logic: A Logic for Handling Semantic Variability, with Applications to Forestry Information

It is widely accepted that most natural language expressions do not have precise universally agreed definitions that fix their meanings. Except in the case of certain technical terminology, humans use terms in a variety of ways that are adapted to different contexts and perspectives. Hence, even when conversation participants share the same vocabulary and agree on fundamental taxonomic relationships (such as subsumption and mutual exclusivity), their view on the specific meaning of terms may differ significantly. Moreover, even individuals themselves may not hold permanent points of view, but rather adopt different semantics depending on the particular features of the situation and what they wish to communicate. In this thesis, we analyse logical and representational aspects of the semantic variability of natural language terms. In particular, we aim to provide a formal language adequate for reasoning in settings where different agents may adopt particular standpoints or perspectives, thereby narrowing the semantic variability of the vague language predicates in different ways. For that purpose, we present standpoint logic, a framework for interpreting languages in the presence of semantic variability. We build on supervaluationist accounts of vagueness, which explain linguistic indeterminacy in terms of a collection of possible interpretations of the terms of the language (precisifications). This is extended by adding the notion of standpoint, which intuitively corresponds to a particular point of view on how to interpret vague terminology, and may be taken by a person or institution in a relevant context. A standpoint is modelled by sets of precisifications compatible with that point of view and does not need to be fully precise. In this way, standpoint logic allows one to articulate finely grained and structured stipulations of the varieties of interpretation that can be given to a vague concept or a set of related concepts and also provides means to express relationships between different systems of interpretation. After the specification of precisifications and standpoints and the consideration of the relevant notions of truth and validity, a multi-modal logic language for describing standpoints is presented. The language includes a modal operator for each standpoint, such that \standb{s}\phi means that a proposition $\phi$ is unequivocally true according to the standpoint $s$ --- i.e.\ $\phi$ is true at all precisifications compatible with $s$. We provide the logic with a Kripke semantics and examine the characteristics of its intended models. Furthermore, we prove the soundness, completeness and decidability of standpoint logic with an underlying propositional language, and show that the satisfiability problem is NP-complete. We subsequently illustrate how this language can be used to represent logical properties and connections between alternative partial models of a domain and different accounts of the semantics of terms. As proof of concept, we explore the application of our formal framework to the domain of forestry, and in particular, we focus on the semantic variability of `forest'. In this scenario, the problematic arising of the assignation of different meanings has been repeatedly reported in the literature, and it is especially relevant in the context of the unprecedented scale of publicly available geographic data, where information and databases, even when ostensibly linked to ontologies, may present substantial semantic variation, which obstructs interoperability and confounds knowledge exchange

Entrevistas a Agapito Marazuela

En número dedicado a: La provincia de Segovi

Tecnologías digitales en la escuela primaria: las perspectivas de los docentes sobre su inclusión y la enseñanza en las aulas

This study aims to analyze primary school teacher´s perspectives on the educational processes mediated by digital technologies and their inclusion in the classroom. For this, a qualitative study is conducted based on the strategies of the Grounded Theory. Based on this approach, different categories and properties are recognized in teacher discourse on digital technologies: ICT vision, which includes the modern or instrumental vision, the non-prescriptive vision and the vision in digital culture; technological resources, which include access, ICT infrastructure and teacher training; and ways of usage, which include different uses as an audiovisual tool, search for information, spaces for knowledge production and exchange (Blogs / Social Networks), programs and applications. The main conclusion is the need to overcome the vision in which teacher represents the only factor in the teaching process mediated by digital technologies, and to consider this process as a part of a broader project promoted by the State towards the diversity of educational communities.El objetivo ha sido analizar las perspectivas de los docentes de escuelas primarias sobre la enseñanza mediada por tecnologías digitales y la inclusión de estas tecnologías en las aulas. Para ello, se realiza un estudio cualitativo recurriendo a estrategias propias de la Teoría fundamentada. Desde este enfoque, se establecieron diferentes categorías y propiedades asociadas al discurso docente sobre las tecnologías digitales: visión sobre las TIC, que comprende la visión moderna o instrumental, la visión no prescriptiva y la visión en cultura digital; recursos tecnológicos, que comprende acceso, infraestructura TIC y formación docente; y modos de uso, que abarca el uso como herramienta audiovisual, la búsqueda de información, los espacios de producción de conocimiento e intercambio, los programas y las aplicaciones. Como conclusión fundamental, se ha hecho evidente la propuesta de superar la visión del docente como único factor del proceso de enseñanza mediado por tecnologías digitales y pensarlo como parte de un proyecto más amplio fomentado desde el Estado hacia la diversidad de las comunidades educativas.&nbsp

Análisis de la relación entre apoyo social y lesiones en futbolistas federados

The aim of this study was to determine if there were dif­ferences between a group of players who have been in­jured the previous season and one of players who have not been injured in the levels of social support perceived by the players. The sample consisted of 219 senior foot­ball players (80.1 %) and federated football (19.9 %) at the regional level. Of these, 138 football players formed the group of those who did not suffer any sport injury during the previous season and 81 who suffered one or more injuries. The study variables were perceived social support and sports injuries, assessed by the Multidimen­sional Scale of Social Perceived Support (Landeta y Cal­vete, 2002) and an ad hoc instrument, respectively. The results show that the group of players non-injured play­ers, compared to the group of injured players, had higher levels of social support in three areas of this (friends support M = 24.05 vs. M = 23.77; family support M = 24.71 vs. M = 24.19; and support from other relevant people M = 24.74 vs. M = 23.71), although these differences were not statistically significant (p = .708; p = .443; p = .143). We cannot say that the provision of social support for soccer players serve to prevent sports injuries, although there are differences between the group of injured and unin­jured group, but these have not been significant. ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si había diferencias entre un grupo de futbolistas que han estado lesionados la temporada anterior y uno de futbolistas que no han estado lesionados en los niveles de apoyo social percibido por parte de los jugadores. La muestra estuvo formada por 219 jugadores sénior de fútbol (80.1 %) y fútbol sala (19.9 %) federados (de categorías primera, segunda, autonómica, preferente y categorías inferiores) a nivel regional. De ellos, 138 futbolistas formaron el grupo de aquellos que no sufrieron ninguna lesión deportiva durante la temporada anterior y 81 que sufrieron una o más lesiones. Las variables de estudio fueron el apoyo social percibido y las lesiones deportivas, evaluadas por la Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido de Landeta y Calvete (2002) y un instrumento ad hoc, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de futbolistas no lesionados, respecto al grupo de futbolistas lesionados, poseía niveles más altos de apoyo social en los tres ámbitos de éste (apoyo de los amigos M = 24.05 frente a M = 23.77; apoyo de la familia M = 24.71 frente a M = 24.19; y apoyo de otras personas relevantes M = 24.74 frente a M = 23.71), aunque dichas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = .708; p = .443; p = .143). No se puede afirmar que la provisión de apoyo social a los jugadores de fútbol sirva para prevenir las lesiones deportivas, aunque sí existen diferencias entre el grupo de lesionados y el grupo de no lesionados, pero éstas no han sido significativas. AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine if there were dif­ferences between a group of players who have been in­jured the previous season and one of players who have not been injured in the levels of social support perceived by the players. The sample consisted of 219 senior foot­ball players (80.1 %) and federated football (19.9 %) at the regional level. Of these, 138 football players formed the group of those who did not suffer any sport injury during the previous season and 81 who suffered one or more injuries. The study variables were perceived social support and sports injuries, assessed by the Multidimen­sional Scale of Social Perceived Support (Landeta y Cal­vete, 2002) and an ad hoc instrument, respectively. The results show that the group of players non-injured play­ers, compared to the group of injured players, had higher levels of social support in three areas of this (friends support M = 24.05 vs. M = 23.77; family support M = 24.71 vs. M = 24.19; and support from other relevant people M = 24.74 vs. M = 23.71), although these differences were not statistically significant (p = .708; p = .443; p = .143). We cannot say that the provision of social support for soccer players serve to prevent sports injuries, although there are differences between the group of injured and unin­jured group, but these have not been significant.

Affinity modulation of photoresponsive hosts for fullerenes: light-gated corannulene tweezers

Producción CientíficaSix azobenzene derivatives bearing polyaromatic fragments have been prepared and their reversible photoisomerization has been assessed. Corannulene-functionalized molecules have demonstrated excellent switchable hosting abilities towards fullerenes in which an interesting range of affinities has been found. The success of this design relies upon the reversible formation and destruction of tweezer-like structures.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project CTQ 2013-41067-P

Food systems, land use change and mitigation initiatives in Caquetá, Colombia

In this document we present a general characterization of the food systems in the department of Caquetá, Colombia, based on a review of the literature, with a particular emphasis on livestock and cocoa. It is worth mentioning that, according to our findings, most of the studies have a departmental emphasis2 which highlights the importance of deepening in local studies, that provide more specific information on the functioning and features of food systems, their articulation to local, national and international value chains, as well as their potential and challenges in terms of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Likewise, we observed a gap in the development of research that addresses differential approaches regarding gender, youth and other relevant population groups for the discussion of food systems sustainability

Endothelin-1 serum levels in women with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum Endothelin-1(ET-1) levels in female Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients compared with healthy controls, examine possible associations between ET-1 with different characteristic of the disease and investigate possible associations between ET-1 with surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Vega-Baja Hospital, Orihuela (Spain) from November 2016 to May 2018. Sixty-three women with RA and sixty-five age and sex healthy controls were included in this study. Serum ET-1 was analyzed using ELISA. Results: Serum levels of ET-1 in RA female patients were higher than those in healthy controls (p ??0.001). Serum le vels of ET-1 were positively associated with Nterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (r = 0.27, p < 0.05) and with C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.36, p < 0.05). ET-1 levels in women with RA were higher in smokers. Pre dnisone use was associated with lower ET-1 levels. No association with carotid intima media thickness was found. Conclusions: we observed the presence of higher le - vels of serum ET-1 in RA women patients compared with healthy controls. These increased levels of ET-1 are associated with inflammation and smoking and reduced by prednisone intake

Características sociales de salud en urgencias de la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana (Medellín–Colombia) por intoxicación con sustancias psicoactivas

Introduction: the chronic use of psychoactive substances causing harm to the physical health which sometimes can be severe and merits inquiry the emergency services.Methods: retrospective descriptive study that described the sociodemographic and health of people who consulted urgency intoxicated by psychoactive substance characteristics. The convenience sample and consisted of 100 medical recordsResults: the analysis found that those most consulted were men, the most consumed substance was alcohol followed by two or more substances, the day was over on Sunday. Most drugs were administered, the venous fluids and painkillers.Conclusions: alcohol intoxication was the most common, the most common psychiatric medical history were the most frequent symptoms were dehydration and gastrointestinal upset. Introducción: el consumo crónico de sustancias psicoactivas ocasiona daños en la salud física, los cuales algunas veces pueden ser graves y ameritan consulta a los servicios de urgencias.Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que puntualizó las características sociodemográficas y de salud, de las personas que consultaron a urgencias de la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana (Medellín – Colombia), intoxicadas por sustancias psicoactivas. La muestra a conveniencia estuvo constituida por 100 historias clínicas.Resultados: en el análisis de las historias clínicas consultadas, se encontró lo siguiente: los hombres fueron quienes más consultaron; la sustancia con mayor consumo fue el alcohol; el día con más consulta fue el domingo. Se administraron básicamente, líquidos venosos y analgésicos.Conclusiones: la intoxicación alcohólica fue la más usual; los antecedentes personales más frecuentes fueron psiquiátricos; los síntomas principales: deshidratación y molestias gastrointestinales

The new pharmacological chaperones PBXs increase α-galactosidase a activity in Fabry disease cellular models

Fabry disease is an X-linked multisystemic disorder caused by the impairment of lysosomal α-Galactosidase A, which leads to the progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids and to defective lysosomal metabolism. Currently, Fabry disease is treated by enzyme replacement therapy or the orally administrated pharmacological chaperone Migalastat. Both therapeutic strategies present limitations, since enzyme replacement therapy has shown low half-life and bioavailability, while Migalastat is only approved for patients with specific mutations. The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of PBX galactose analogues to stabilize α-Galactosidase A and therefore evaluate their potential use in Fabry patients with mutations that are not amenable to the treatment with Migalastat. We demonstrated that PBX compounds are safe and effective concerning stabilization of α-Galactosidase A in relevant cellular models of the disease, as assessed by enzymatic activity measurements, molecular modelling, and cell viability assays. This experimental evidence suggests that PBX compounds are promising candidates for the treatment of Fabry disease caused by mutations which affect the folding of α-Galactosidase A, even for GLA variants that are not amenable to the treatment with Migalastat.Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur | Ref. OT-02-CNFXunta de Galicia | Ref. CN2012 / 18

Education for health: perspectives and experiences in higher education in health sciences, Medellín, Colombia

Objectives: to know the current panorama of education for health (efh) in some institutions of higher education that train health professionals in Medellín, Colombia, and furthermore, to promote academic discussions among professionals who are interested in efh. Methodology: a qualitative research based on a multiple case study was conducted taking into account the specific cases of some higher education programs in health sciences in Medellín. Ethnographic techniques including individual and group interviews were utilized. Results: efh is currently facing quite a contradictory situation: first of all, its importance is highlighted but on the other hand, evidences suggest a limited development. Moreover, the efh has an overlapping identity as it is mistaken for other fields, disciplines, programs and some other different kinds of health activities. A tension between conceptions of efh aimed to behavior change based on traditional pedagogical models and other alternative points of view more focused in human development is identified. An uneven curriculum development was also found when different institutions were compared. Finally, poor research development was pointed out in efh. Conclusions: efh represents an important dimension of public health which becomes contradictory with the incipient development of this field and the prevailing traditional models of efh as it is evidenced in this research. A predominant biomedical model focused in morbidity which is primarily present in the educational programs training health professionals and a poorly developed pedagogical approach in this field support the understanding of these findings.RESUMEN: Conocer la situación actual de la educación para la salud (eps) en algunas instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia que tienen programas de formación en salud. Adicionalmente, promover espacios de reflexión académica entre los profesores interesados en la temática de eps. Metodología: se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo a partir de un estudio de caso colectivo. Se tomaron como casos algunos programas de formación superior en ciencias de la salud de la ciudad, empleando técnicas etnográ- ficas, como entrevistas individuales y grupales. Resultados: la situación actual de la eps enfrenta una situación contradictoria: por un lado, se resalta la importancia que debería tener y por otro, se evidencia un incipiente desarrollo. Además, la eps posee una identidad traslapada, razón por la cual se confunde con campos, disciplinas, programas y actividades en salud. Se presenta tensión entre concepciones sobre la eps orientadas al cambio de comportamiento, basadas en modelos pedagógicos tradicionales, con propuestas alternativas centradas en el desarrollo humano. Se encontró un desarrollo curricular dispar entre las diferentes instituciones. Finalmente, se evidenció un pobre desarrollo de la investigación en eps. Conclusiones: la eps es una dimensión importante de la salud pública, percepción que entra en contradicción con la poca importancia y el desarrollo incipiente en este campo y la preeminencia de una educación tradicional en eps. Un modelo biomédico morbicéntico predominante en la educación de los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud y un pobre desarrollo pedagógico en el área contribuyen en la explicación de estos hallazgos.RESUMEN: Conocer la situación actual de la educación para la salud (eps) en algunas instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia que tienen programas de formación en salud. Adicionalmente, promover espacios de reflexión académica entre los profesores interesados en la temática de eps. Metodología: se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo a partir de un estudio de caso colectivo. Se tomaron como casos algunos programas de formación superior en ciencias de la salud de la ciudad, empleando técnicas etnográ- ficas, como entrevistas individuales y grupales. Resultados: la situación actual de la eps enfrenta una situación contradictoria: por un lado, se resalta la importancia que debería tener y por otro, se evidencia un incipiente desarrollo. Además, la eps posee una identidad traslapada, razón por la cual se confunde con campos, disciplinas, programas y actividades en salud. Se presenta tensión entre concepciones sobre la eps orientadas al cambio de comportamiento, basadas en modelos pedagógicos tradicionales, con propuestas alternativas centradas en el desarrollo humano. Se encontró un desarrollo curricular dispar entre las diferentes instituciones. Finalmente, se evidenció un pobre desarrollo de la investigación en eps. Conclusiones: la eps es una dimensión importante de la salud pública, percepción que entra en contradicción con la poca importancia y el desarrollo incipiente en este campo y la preeminencia de una educación tradicional en eps. Un modelo biomédico morbicéntico predominante en la educación de los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud y un pobre desarrollo pedagógico en el área contribuyen en la explicación de estos hallazgos