Consensus on community guidelines: an experimental study on the legitimacy of content removal in social media

The popularization of social media has led to a considerable increase in the importance of discursive expressions of violence, especially when directed at vulnerable communities. While social media platforms have created rules to regulate such expressions, little information is available on the perception of the legitimacy of these rules in the general population, regardless of the importance of the former for the latter. It is therefore the objective of this study to analyze the perception of the seriousness of such content and the degree to which the population has established a consensus on the withdrawal of restricted discursive behaviour on three major social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram and Twitter). For this purpose, 918 participants were immersed in an experimental paradigm in three different groups (n1 = 302; n2 = 301; n3 = 315). Each was presented with stimuli containing discursive behaviour that is banned by community guidelines. The stimuli were presented differently to each group (i.e., description of the banned behaviour, description and accompanying example, example only). Our experimental data reveals that the degree of consensus on the need to remove content is quite high, regardless of the style of presentation. It furthermore suggests that the behaviour in question is perceived as very serious, due to the harm that our participants presume it to cause. These results have important implications for the debate on freedom of expression on the Internet and its regulation by private actors

Regulatory network analysis in estradiol-treated human endothelial cells.

Background/Aims: Estrogen has been reported to have beneficial effects on vascular biology through direct actions on endothelium. Together with transcription factors, miRNAs are the major drivers of gene expression and signaling networks. The objective of this study was to identify a com-prehensive regulatory network (miRNA-transcription factor-downstream genes) that controls the transcriptomic changes observed in endothelial cells exposed to estradiol. Methods: miR-NA/mRNA interactions were assembled using our previous microarray data of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with 17ß- Estradiol (E2) (1 nmol/lL, 24 h). miRNA--mRNA pairings and their associated canonical pathways were determined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Transcription factors were identified among the miR-NA-regulated genes. Transcription factor downstream target genes were predicted by consensus transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of E2-regulated genes by using JASPAR and TRANSFAC tools in Enrichr software. Results: miRNA--target pairings were filtered by using differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs characterized by a regulatory relationship accord-ing to miRNA target prediction databases. The analysis identified 588 miRNA--target interactions between 102 miRNAs and 588 targets. Specifically, 63 up-regregulated miRNAs interacted with 295 down-regregulated targets, while 39 down-regregulated miRNAs were paired with 293 up-regregulated mRNA targets. Functional characterization of miRNA/mRNA association analy-sis highlighted hypoxia signallignaling, integrin, ephrin receptor signaling, and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho among the canonical pathways regulated by E2 in HUVEC. Tran-scription factors and downstream genes analysis revealed a total of eight networks, including those mediated by JUN and REPIN1, which are associated with cadherin binding and cell adhe-sion molecule binding pathways. Conclusion: This study identifies regulatory networks obtained by integrative microarray analysis and provides additional insights into the way estradiol could regulate endothelial function in human endothelial cells

The formation of planetary disks and winds: an ultraviolet view

Planetary systems are angular momentum reservoirs generated during star formation. This accretion process produces very powerful engines able to drive the optical jets and the molecular outflows. A fraction of the engine energy is released into heating thus the temperature of the engine ranges from the 3000K of the inner disk material to the 10MK in the areas where magnetic reconnection occurs. There are important unsolved problems concerning the nature of the engine, its evolution and the impact of the engine in the chemical evolution of the inner disk. Of special relevance is the understanding of the shear layer between the stellar photosphere and the disk; this layer controls a significant fraction of the magnetic field building up and the subsequent dissipative processes ougth to be studied in the UV. This contribution focus on describing the connections between 1 Myr old suns and the Sun and the requirements for new UV instrumentation to address their evolution during this period. Two types of observations are shown to be needed: monitoring programmes and high resolution imaging down to, at least, milliarsecond scales.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics and Space Science 9 figure

Influencia de la remoción químico-mecánica del "smearlayer" y la presencia de un adhesivo dentinario en la microfiltración de restauraciones de resina compuesta

Se presenta un estudio comparativo "in vitro" de la microfiltración en restauraciones de resina compuesta cuyos márgenes cavosuperficiales están situados por completo en cemento. Se compara la capacidad de sellado de un adhesivo dentinario (ScotchBond I) utilizado según la técnica habitual, sin acondicionar la dentina y empleando el sistema Caridex como acondicionador dentinario. Este último sistema no mejoró los resultados de microfiltración en las condiciones del estudio.// We present an "in vitro" study of microfiltration in composite resin restorations wirh a perimetral seal placed totally in cement. We compare the sealing capability of a dentin adhesive (ScotchBond I) used in two ways: habitual, without conditioning dentin and conditioning it by means of the Caridex system. This produced no increasing of sealing capability under the study conditions

Sílice cristalina respirable: Metodologías de análisis

This paper describes different analysis methodologies in occupational environments and raw materials. A review is presented of the existing methodologies, the approximations made, some of the constraints involved, as well as the best measurement options for the different raw materials. In addition, the different factors that might affect the precision and accuracy of the results are examined. With regard to the methodologies used for the quantitative analysis of any of the polymorphs, particularly of quartz, the study centres particularly on the analytical X-ray diffraction method. Simplified methods of calculation and experimental separation are evaluated for the estimation of this fraction in the raw materials, such as separation methods by centrifugation, sedimentation, and dust generation in controlled environments. In addition, a review is presented of the methodologies used for the collection of respirable crystalline silica in environmental dus

Impact of extraction process in non-compliant ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ apples towards the development of natural antioxidant extracts

The ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ apple (BE) is rich in antioxidants and represents one of the most important traditional cultivars in Portugal. A large amount of non-compliant BE, with no market value, it is generated every year. Thus, an effort to find value-added solutions is of utmost importance. For the first time, green extraction (microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE)) were compared against conventional extraction (with (CET) and without temperature (CE)) to select the most efficient process to produce a natural antioxidant extract from non-compliant BE. The results showed that MAE and CET are good methodologies for developing a BE antioxidant extract. However, MAE is more sustainable than CET, requiring less time to reach high temperatures. The MAE-extract showed great antioxidant activity (14.80 ± 0.70 mg TE/g DE by ORAC, 3.92 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g DE by ABTS, and 5.11 ± 0.13 mg TE/g DE by DPPH). This extract revealed high amount of chlorogenic acid (0.48 ± 0.07 mg/g DE), (-)-epicatechin (0.30 ± 0.02 mg/g DE) and phloridzin (0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g DE). This study shows that non-compliant BE is a useful source of antioxidants, being a sustainable way for the recovery of value-added compounds from the rejected fruit in line with sustainable and circular bioeconomy principles.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

From Cu(i) and Cu(i)–Cu(ii) mixed-valence clusters to 2D Cu(ii) and Cu(i) coordination polymers supported by a flexible bis-tetrazole organosulfur ligand

Three coordination compounds from the reaction of copper(II) bromide with the flexible bis-tetrazole organosulfur ligand, 1,2-bis(1-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-ylthio)ethane (bmtte) have been isolated and characterised. The identification of polymeric 2Cu2Br4 (bmtte) (1), trinuclear [Cu3Br4(bmtte)2] (2) and tetra-nuclear [Cu2Br2(bmtte)]2 (3) compounds shows that the reaction conditions have a significant influence on the structure of the complexes formed. Moreover, two polymorphs of the 2D Cu(II )-coordination polymer 1 have been isolated and these crystallise in the monoclinic C2/m (1m) and the triclinic P1¯ (1t) space groups. The thermal stabilities and behaviour in aqueous media of compounds 1–3 were investigated along with the reactivity of compound 2 with CuBr2 and KI. The solid-state reaction between mixed-valence compound 2 with KI or the direct reaction of CuI and bmtte under microwave irradiation allowed the preparation of the polymeric 2 1Cu4 I4 (bmtte)2 (4). The redox behaviour of complexes 2 and 3 was analysed by cyclic voltammetry.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-110218RB-I00Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-115004RB-I00Fundación CajaCanarias | Ref. 2021ECO11Xunta de GaliciaUniversidad de La Lagun

Anatomía foliar de especies predominantes en bosques y pastizales del Iberá

The Iberá macrosystem has several types of vegetation, where in addition to aquatic and marsh vegetation are found hydrophilic forests, savannahs with a predominance of grasses and grasslands with shrub species interspersed among the herbaceous species. Previous studies of leaf anatomy were only carried out on aquatic and marsh plants. In this work, leaf anatomy was studied in predominant or frequent species growing in grasslands and forests of the Iberá macrosystem, with the aim of detecting leaf structural characters that may represent adaptive value to these environments. Leaves of 42 species corresponding to 26 families were analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed based on a data matrix of the anatomical characters analyzed, also including the environment types in which the species studied grow. The analyzed characters of the epidermis were: cuticle design, stomata, trichomes, design of epidermal cells of both epidermis, where a predominance of identical morphology on both sides was observed. In the mesophyll, the type, presence and form of calcium and inulin crystals, and distribution of glandular structures such as laticifers, cavities and secretory cells were evaluated. The data reported are discussed in relation to the available literature. No constant characters associated with a particular vegetation type are found. Species living in the same environment do not have similar anatomical features, as shown by clustering analysis (UPGMA).El macrosistema Iberá presenta diversos tipos de vegetación, donde además de las acuáticas y palustres hay bosques hidrófilos, sabanas con predominio de gramíneas y praderas con especies arbustivas intercaladas entre las herbáceas. Estudios previos de anatomía foliar solo fueron realizados en plantas acuáticas y palustres. En este trabajo se estudió la anatomía foliar en especies predominantes o frecuentes que crecen en pastizales y bosques del macrosistema Iberá, con el objetivo de detectar caracteres estructurales de las hojas que puedan representar valor adaptativo a estos ambientes. Se analizaron hojas de 42 especies correspondientes a 26 familias, con microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido. Se realizó un análisis estadístico en base a una matriz de datos, compuesta por los caracteres anatómicos y el ambiente en que crecen las especies estudiadas. Los caracteres analizados de la epidermis fueron: diseño de la cutícula, estomas, tricomas, diseño de células epidérmicas de ambas epidermis, donde se observa un predominio de idéntica morfología en ambas caras. En el mesofilo se evaluó su tipo, presencia y forma de cristales de calcio e inulina, y distribución de estructuras glandulares como laticíferos, cavidades y células secretoras. Los datos reportados son discutidos en relación a la bibliografía disponible. El análisis de agrupamiento (UPGMA) muestra que las especies que habitan en los mismos ambientes no presentan características anatómicas similares

Nutritional problems perceived by pediatricians in Spanish children younger than 3 years

Introducción: Los padres son los principales responsables de la educación nutricional de sus hijos y es labor del pediatra orientar y resolver problemas al respecto. En este estudio se pretende conocer la relevancia de las cuestiones nutricionales en la consulta del pediatra y los principales problemas nutricionales percibidos en los menores de 3 años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en dos fases. La primera consistió en entrevistas y grupos de discusión con 30 pediatras seleccionados aleatoriamente en Madrid y Barcelona. Los resultados se utilizaron para diseñar el cuestionario online (76 preguntas relacionadas con la nutrición en niños de 0-3 años) de la siguiente fase, en la que participaron pediatras seleccionados de forma aleatoria y representativa del territorio nacional. Resultados: De 258 pediatras seleccionados, completaron el cuestionario 151, que atendían a una media de 588 pacientes/mes. Los principales problemas nutricionales percibidos hasta los 12 meses fueron las deficiencias de hierro y vitaminas y la escasa ganancia de peso, y posteriormente la ingesta excesiva de carbohidratos y lípidos y el sobrepeso. Los padres fueron considerados los actores principales en la salud nutricional de sus hijos, pero su preocupación por esta cuestión se reduce significativamente (p < 0,0001) con la edad del niño. Los aspectos considerados más importantes para obtener unos buenos hábitos alimentarios fueron la alimentación adaptada a las necesidades del niño y respetar el tiempo de sueño. El porcentaje de pacientes que recibe recomendaciones de hábitos nutricionales varió del 88% (0-6 meses) al 61% (24-36 meses). Conclusiones: A pesar de considerar la salud nutricional importante, la intervención educativa del pediatra al respecto no es óptima. Los problemas nutricionales percibidos fueron distintos según la edadIntroduction: Parents are most responsible for nutritional education of children, and pediatritians must advise and help them with their doubts. The purpose of this study was to know the relevance of nutritional topics in daily practice and the main nutritional problems perceived by pediatritians in children under 3 years of age. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in 2 stages. First stage consisted on discussion meetings with 30 random-selected pediatritians from Madrid and Barcelona. Results were used to design the on-line questionnaire of the second stage (76 questions related to nutrition in children under 3 years). A random and representative sample of Spanish pediatritians was selected for this stage. Results: One hundred and fifty one pediatritians, among 258 sampled, completed the questionnaire. They referred to see a mean of 588 patients/month. The main perceived nutritional problems in the first year of life were iron and vitamin deficiencies and poor weight gain. In the next months, excess in carbohydrates and lipid intake and overweight were the main problems perceived. Parents were considered the main actors regarding their children’s nutritional health, but their concern in these questions significantly reduced with children’s age (p < 0,0001). Factors considered to have the greatest relevance in the acquisition of good nutritional habits were to provide a diet adjusted for children’s requirements and to observe the appropriate sleeping hours. The proportion of children who receive nutritional counseling varied from 88% (0-6 months) to 61% (24-36 months). Conclusions: Despite of the relevance given by pediatritians, educational intervention regarding nutritional health is not ideal. Nutritional problems perceived by pediatritians varied with children’s ageEste estudio ha sido financiado por Almiron/Danone Baby Nutrition

Melatonin as a Coadjuvant in the Treatment of Patients with Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome that is accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, lack of concentration, and neurocognitive impairment. As the currently available drugs are not completely successful against these symptoms and frequently have several side effects, many scientists have taken on the task of looking for nonpharmacological remedies. Many of the FMS-related symptoms have been suggested to be associated with an altered pattern of endogenous melatonin. Melatonin is involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, including circadian rhythms, pain, mood, and oxidative as well as immunomodulatory balance. Preliminary clinical studies have propounded that the administration of different doses of melatonin to patients with FMS can reduce pain levels and ameliorate mood and sleep disturbances. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and urinary cortisol levels, and other biological parameters improve after the ingestion of melatonin. Recent investigations have proposed a pathophysiological relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and FMS by looking at certain proteins involved in mitochondrial homeostasis according to the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome. These improvements exert positive effects on the quality of life of FMS patients, suggesting that the use of melatonin as a coadjuvant may be a successful strategy for the management of this syndrome