L'efficacité de la pleine conscience comme moyen de prévention de la dépression périnatale: travail de Bachelor

La dépression connaît une croissance conséquente depuis quelques années. Compte tenu de la vulnérabilité des femmes en période périnatale ainsi que la limitation des traitements au cours de celle-ci, de nouvelles méthodes de prévention face à ce trouble doivent être évaluées. La pleine conscience est une approche en plein essor et son application correspond à la grossesse de par sa nature non pharmacologique.Ce travail consiste en une revue de la littérature scientifique récente (moins de dix ans). Elle est limitée à cinq articles sélectionnés dans les bases de données "Pubmed" et "CINAHL" à l'aide des mots-clés tels que "depression", "mindfulness-based cognitive therapy", "pregnancy" et "postpartum" entre mars 2018 et mars 2019. Chaque article évalue l'efficacité, la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité du programme Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) chez des populations à risque de dépression ou non, en période pré et/ou postnatale

La promotion de la santé mentale des pères durant la période périnatale: travail de Bachelor

Introduction: Depuis 2015, l’Organisation mondiale de la santé [OMS] appelle les Sages-femmes* à inclure les pères dans les services de périnatalité pour améliorer la santé des mères et des enfants. Cependant, selon les recherches récentes près d’un père sur dix souffrirait de dépression périnatale [DPN] avec des répercussions négatives sur toute la famille notamment le développement des enfants. Objectif : Explorer les facteurs protecteurs de la santé mentale des pères et le rôle que pourraient avoir les sages-femmes auprès des pères. Méthode : Ce travail est une revue de la littérature scientifique limitée à 5 articles recueillis dans les bases de données Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, MIDIRS et le moteur de recherche Google Scholar grâce à des mots6clés tels que « fathers », « mental health » et « midwives » avec un filtre incluant les publications du 1.01.2004 au 15.01.2018. Résultats : Selon les études, les pères ont besoin de soutien émotionnel et informatif pour assurer leur bien6être psychique durant la période périnatale. Le bien-être de la partenaire, la satisfaction dans le couple, le sentiment de cohérence familiale et le sentiment d’auto6efficacité parentale seraient des facteurs protecteurs de la DPN. Les pères expriment un sentiment d’exclusion des services de périnatalité et un manque de reconnaissance dans leur rôle de coparent. Ils questionnent leur légitimité à y être inclus craignant le regard de la société et d’ôter des ressources à la mère et l’enfant. Les sages6femmes ont besoin de formations complémentaires et ne semblent pas être l’interlocuteur privilégié, cependant elles peuvent avoir un impact favorable. Les pères se disent intéressés par de l’information sur différents supports et des services de périnatalité plus flexibles. Limites : La santé mentale des pères est un objet de recherche récent et les publications peu nombreuses limitent la comparaison des résultats. De plus, la paternité évoluant rapidement socialement, cette revue de la littérature devrait être mise à jour régulièrement. Conclusion : Ces résultats invitent les sages-femmes à réfléchir à la place accordée aux pères dans les services de périnatalité, la formation des sages6 femmes et les programmes à destination des parents. Des interventions favorisant le bien être des partenaires, la qualité de la relation de couple, le sentiment de cohérence familial et le sentiment d’auto-efficacité parentale des pères pourraient être mises en place. *Bien qu'il s'entende aussi au masculin, le terme sage-femme est employé au féminin par mesure de simplification

I don't care about others' approval: Dysphoric individuals show reduced effort mobilization for obtaining a social reward

Past research on reduced reward responsiveness in depression and dysphoria has mainly focused on monetary rewards. However, social rewards are important motivators and might be especially impaired in depression. The present study tested the hypothesis that nondysphoric individuals would mobilize more effort during a memory task without a clear performance standard when anticipating social approval for good performance. In contrast, dysphoric individuals were expected to be less sensitive to this reward and to mobilize less effort. Effort mobilization in this 2 (dysphoric vs. nondysphoric)×2 (no reward vs. social approval) between-persons study was operationalized by participants' cardiovascular reactivity. Results confirmed that nondysphorics had higher reactivity of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate when expecting to enter their name in the alleged "best list”, whereas dysphorics had lower cardiovascular reactivity. The present study expands evidence for reduced reward responsiveness in depression and dysphoria from an effort mobilization perspective by demonstrating reduced effort-related cardiovascular reactivity to social rewards

Renforcer la prise d'une contraception postpartum en améliorant l'adhésion thérapeutique: travail de Bachelor

Depuis 2014, de nouvelles recommandations de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé [OMS] sollicitent les professionnels de la santé, en particulier les sages-femmes, pour œuvrer en faveur de l'espacement des naissances. Cependant, le taux de grossesses rapprochées reste présent et le conseil contraceptif en matière de contraception postpartum se révèle insuffisant. Ce travail est une revue de la littérature scientifique. Cinq articles ont été sélectionnés dans les bases de données suivantes : Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO et MIDIRS, grâce à certains mots-clés tels que "Counseling contraception", "adherence and compliance" et "postpartum period". Le choix des cinq articles est basé sur certains critères de sélection et sur la pertinence desdits articles. Ils ont été analysés et discutés en regard du concept d'adhésion thérapeutique

The iCook 4-H Study: Report on Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Youth Participating in a Multicomponent Program Promoting Family Cooking, Eating, and Playing Together

Objective To report physical activity and sedentary time outcomes of youth in iCook 4-H. Study Design and Setting iCook 4-H was a 5-state, randomized, control–treatment, family-based childhood obesity prevention intervention promoting cooking, eating, and playing together. Participants and Intervention Youth aged 9–10 years and the main preparer of their meals participated in the 12-week program followed by monthly newsletters and biyearly booster sessions until 24 months. Main Outcome Measure(s) A total of 155 youth were fitted with an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer, which they wore for 7 days at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 months to measure mean daily minutes per hour of waking wear time for sedentary time (ST), light physical activity (PA) (LPA), moderate PA, vigorous PA, and moderate to vigorous PA. Self-reported PA was assessed using the Block Kids Physical Activity Screener and additional questions querying for the program goal of the frequency of family actively playing together. Linear mixed models were used to determine differences from baseline to 24 months. Significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results There was a significant (P \u3c .05) group × time interaction for LPA (adjusted interaction B estimate, 95% confidence interval; 0.18 [0.05, 0.30]) and ST (−0.15 [−0.26, −0.04]); ST increased and LPA decreased in the treatment group. There were no differences in other accelerometer-derived PA measures, self-report Block Kids Physical Activity Screener measures, or frequency of family actively playing together at any time point. Conclusions and Implications iCook 4-H was a multicomponent program observing youth aged 9–10 years for 24 months that focused on enhancing cooking skills, mealtime behavior and conversation, and PA through daily family activities. Greater emphasis on developing PA skills, changing environmental factors, and increasing PA both in and after school may be needed

The iCook 4-HStudy: Report on Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Youth Participating in a Multicomponent Program Promoting Family Cooking, Eating, and Playing Together

Objective: To report physical activity and sedentary time outcomes of youth in iCook 4-H. Study Design and Setting: iCook 4-H was a 5-state, randomized, control−treatment, family-based childhood obesity prevention intervention promoting cooking, eating, and playing together. Participants and Intervention: Youth aged 9−10 years and the main preparer of their meals participated in the 12-week program followed by monthly newsletters and biyearly booster sessions until 24 months. Main Outcome Measure(s): A total of 155 youth were fitted with an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer, which they wore for 7 days at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 months to measure mean daily minutes per hour of waking wear time for sedentary time (ST), light physical activity (PA) (LPA), moderate PA, vigorous PA, and moderate to vigorous PA. Self-reported PA was assessed using the Block Kids Physical Activity Screener and additional questions querying for the program goal of the frequency of family actively playing together. Linear mixed models were used to determine differences from baseline to 24 months. Significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results: There was a significant (P \u3c .05) group £ time interaction for LPA (adjusted interaction B estimate, 95% confidence interval; 0.18 [0.05, 0.30]) and ST (-0.15 [-0.26, -0.04]); ST increased and LPA decreased in the treatment group. There were no differences in other accelerometer-derived PA measures, self-report Block Kids Physical Activity Screener measures, or frequency of family actively playing together at any time point. Conclusions and Implications: iCook 4-H was a multicomponent program observing youth aged 9−10 years for 24 months that focused on enhancing cooking skills, mealtime behavior and conversation, and PA through daily family activities. Greater emphasis on developing PA skills, changing environmental factors, and increasing PA both in and after school may be needed

Longitudinal cognitive biomarkers predicting symptom onset in presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia

Introduction: We performed 4-year follow-up neuropsychological assessment to investigate cognitive decline and the prognostic abilities from presymptomatic to symptomatic familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: Presymptomatic MAPT (n = 15) and GRN mutation carriers (n = 31), and healthy controls (n = 39) underwent neuropsychological assessment every 2 years. Eight mutation carriers (5 MAPT, 3 GRN) became symptomatic. We investigated cognitive decline with multilevel regression modeling; the prognostic performance was assessed with ROC analyses and stepwise logistic regression. Results: MAPT converters declined on language, attention, executive function, social cognition, and memory, and GRN converters declined on attention and executive function (p < 0.05). Cognitive decline in ScreeLing phonology (p = 0.046) and letter fluency (p = 0.046) were predictive for conversion to non-fluent variant PPA, and decline on categorical fluency (p = 0.025) for an underlying MAPT mutation. Discussion: Using longitudinal neuropsychological assessment, we detected a mutation-specific pattern of cognitive decline, potentially suggesting prognostic value of neuropsychological trajectories in conversion to symptomatic FTD

Exploring support for shale gas extraction in the United Kingdom

The development of shale gas in the United Kingdom (UK) using hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as ‘fracking’, remains in its infancy. Yet understanding public attitudes for this fledgling industry is important for future policy considerations, decision-making and for industry stakeholders. This study uses data collected from the University of Nottingham UK nationwide online survey (n=3,823) conducted in September 2014, to consider ten hypothesises about the UK public’s attitudes towards shale gas. From the survey data we can see that 43.11% of respondents support shale gas extraction in the UK. Furthermore, our results show that women, class DE respondents, non-Conservative party supporters, and respondents who positively associate shale gas with water contamination or earthquakes are less likely to support the extraction of shale gas in the UK. We also discuss potential policy implications for the UK government arising from these findings

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Longitudinal multimodal MRI as prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in presymptomatic familial frontotemporal dementia

Developing and validating sensitive biomarkers for the presymptomatic stage of familial frontotemporal dementia is an important step in early diagnosis and for the design of future therapeutic trials. In the longitudinal Frontotemporal Dementia Risk Cohort, presymptomatic mutation carriers and non-carriers from families with familial frontotemporal dementia due to microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN) mutations underwent a clinical assessment and multimodal MRI at baseline, 2-, and 4-year follow-up. Of the cohort of 73 participants, eight mutation carriers (three GRN, five MAPT) developed clinical features of frontotemporal dementia ('converters'). Longitudinal whole-brain measures of white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy) and grey matter volume in these converters (n = 8) were compared with healthy mutation carriers ('non-converters'; n = 35) and non-carriers (n = 30) from the same families. We also assessed the prognostic performance of decline within white matter and grey matter regions of interest by means of receiver operating characteristic analyses followed by stepwise logistic regression. Longitudinal whole-brain analyses demonstrated lower fractional anisotropy values in extensive white matter regions (genu corpus callosum, forceps minor, uncinate fasciculus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus) and smaller grey matter volumes (prefrontal, temporal, cingulate, and insular cortex) over time in converters, present from 2 years before symptom onset. White matter integrity loss of the right uncinate fasciculus and genu corpus callosum provided significant classifiers between converters, non-converters, and non-carriers. Converters' within-individual disease trajectories showed a relatively gradual onset of clinical features in MAPT, whereas GRN mutations had more rapid changes around symptom onset. MAPT converters showed more decline in the uncinate fasciculus than GRN converters, and more decline in the genu corpus callosum in GRN than MAPT converters. Our study confirm