205 research outputs found
Energy expenditure, economic growth, and the minimum EROI of society
We estimate energy expenditure for the US and world economies from 1850 to 2012. Periods of high energy expenditure relative to GDP (from 1850 to 1945), or spikes (1973â74 and 1978â79) are associated with low economic growth rates, and periods of low or falling energy expenditure are associated with high and rising economic growth rates (e.g. 1945â1973). Over the period 1960â2010 for which we have continuous year-to-year data for control variables (capital formation, population, and unemployment rate) we estimate that, statistically, in order to enjoy positive growth, the US economy cannot afford to spend more than 11% of its GDP on energy. Given the current energy intensity of the US economy, this translates in a minimum societal EROI of approximately 11:1 (or a maximum tolerable average price of energy of twice the current level). Granger tests consistently reveal a one way causality running from the level of energy expenditure (as a fraction of GDP) to economic growth in the US between 1960 and 2010. A coherent economic policy should be founded on improving net energy efficiency. This would yield a âdouble dividendâ: increased societal EROI (through decreased energy intensity of capital investment), and decreased sensitivity to energy price volatility
Pour une étude génétique du Livre des tables : les révélations du manuscrit Durrieu
Sur les quatre cahiers manuscrits oĂč Ă©taient enregistrĂ©s les textes issus des sĂ©ances dites spirites tenues par la famille de Victor Hugo lors de son sĂ©jour Ă Jersey, de septembre 1853 Ă octobre 1855, trois ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©ditĂ©s, sans rĂ©soudre toutes les Ă©nigmes que prĂ©sente cet Ă©pisode de la vie du poĂšte. Le manuscrit conservĂ© dans les archives de Xavier Durrieu, rĂ©cemment dĂ©chiffrĂ© par Jean-Claude Fizaine, apporte un Ă©clairage neuf et dĂ©cisif sur les premiĂšres sĂ©ances, du 1er octobre au 11 dĂ©cembre 1853, dont les originaux des procĂšs-verbaux manuscrits nâont toujours pas reparu. Il met fin aux doutes quelquefois Ă©mis sur lâauthenticitĂ© de certaines sĂ©ances et permet, en rĂ©vĂ©lant lâexistence de variantes, dâamĂ©liorer lâĂ©tablissement du texte. Il Ă©claire enfin les procĂ©dures selon lesquelles Ă©tait Ă©laborĂ© le compte rendu des sĂ©ances, que Victor Hugo avait conservĂ© en vue dâune publication posthume.Among the four manuscript notebooks that recorded the texts produced by the Spiritist sĂ©ances held by Victor Hugoâs family during his stay in Jersey, from September 1853 to October 1855, three have been published but without solving all the enigmas posed by this episode of the poetâs life. The manuscript, held in Xavier Durrieuâs archives and recently transcribed by Jean-Claude Fizaine, casts a new and decisive light on the first sĂ©ances, held from October 1st to December 11th 1853, the original official reports of which have still not been found. However, it dispels the doubts sometimes expressed about the authenticity of some sĂ©ances and, by revealing the existence of variants, allows for a better establishment of the text. Last, it shows the procedures used to formulate the record of the sĂ©ances that Victor Hugo kept for a posthumous publication.Von den vier NotizbĂŒchern, in denen die Texte zu den sogenannten spiritistischen Sitzungen (SĂ©ancen) der Familie Victor Hugo, datierend von seinem Aufenthalt in Jersey â September 1853 bis Oktober 1855 â, wurden drei herausgegeben, ohne dass dadurch alle RĂ€tsel gelöst worden wĂ€ren, die jene Epoche des Lebens des Schriftstellers darbietet. Das Manuskript, das sich in den Archiven von Xavier Durrieu erhalten hat und das kĂŒrzlich von Jean-Claude Fizaine transkribiert wurde, birgt eine neue und entscheidende Erhellung zu den ersten Sitzungen die zwischen 1. Oktober und 11. Dezember 1853 stattfanden, und von denen die Originalprotokolle immer noch nicht aufgetaucht sind. Es setzt gewissen Zweifeln ein Ende, die manchmal bezĂŒglich der AuthenzitĂ€t einiger SĂ©ancen geĂ€uĂert wurden und erlaubt durch die EnthĂŒllung der Existenz von Varianten die verbesserte Etablierung des Texts. Es erhellt schlieĂlich die Prozeduren, gemÀà denen das Protokoll der Sitzungen erstellt wurde und die Victor Hugo im Hinblick auf eine postume Publikation aufbewahrt hatte.De los cuatro cuadernos manuscritos en los que se registraron los textos relativos a las sesiones llamadas espiritistas organizadas por la familia de VĂctor Hugo durante su estadĂa en Jersey âentre septiembre de 1853 y octubre de 1855â, los tres que han sido ya editados no han resuelto todos los enigmas que plantea este episodio de la vida del poeta. El manuscrito conservado en el archivo de Xavier Durrieu, recientemente descifrado por Jean-Claude Fizaine, aportan un esclarecimiento nuevo y decisivo acerca de las primeras sesiones âdel 1 de octubre al 11 de diciembre de 1853â cuyas actas originales manuscritas siguen desaparecidas. Este manuscrito pone fin a las dudas que han solido emitirse acerca de la autenticidad de algunas sesiones y permite, al revelar la existencia de variantes, mejorar el establecimiento del texto, esclareciendo, finalmente, los procedimientos a travĂ©s de los cuales se elaborĂł el informe sobre las sesiones, que VĂctor Hugo conservĂł para una publicaciĂłn pĂłstuma.Dos quatro cadernos manuscritos em que foram registados os textos saĂdos das sessĂ”es espĂritas realizadas pela famĂlia de Victor Hugo durante a sua estadia em Jersey, de setembro de 1853 a outubro de 1855, foram publicados trĂȘs, sem resolver todos os enigmas ligados a este episĂłdio da vida do poeta. O manuscrito preservado nos arquivos da Xavier Durrieu, recentemente decifrado por Jean-Claude Fizaine, traz uma luz nova e decisiva para as primeiras sessĂ”es, de 1 de outubro a 11 de dezembro de 1853, de que continua a faltar o original do relato manuscrito. Coloca-se um termo a ocasionais dĂșvidas sobre a autenticidade de algumas sessĂ”es, enquanto a existĂȘncia de variantes torna possĂvel melhorar o texto. Finalmente, esclarece-se o processo pelo qual Victor Hugo elaborava as « actas » das sessĂ”es, tendo em vista uma sua publicação pĂłstuma.Tre dei quattro quaderni manoscritti sui quali erano registrati i testi delle sedute spiritiche tenute dalla famiglia di Victor Hugo durante il suo soggiorno a Jersey, dal settembre 1853 allâottobre 1855, sono stati pubblicati, senza risolvere tutti gli enigmi che presenta questo episodio della vita del poeta. Il manoscritto conservato negli archivi di Xavier Durrieu, decifrato di recente da Jean-Claude Fizaine, fornisce un punto di vista nuovo e decisivo sulle prime sedute, dal 1 ottobre allâ11 dicembre 1853, i cui verbali originali non sono ancora riapparsi. Esso mette fine ai dubbi talvolta sollevati sullâautenticitĂ di alcune sedute e permette, rivelando lâesistenza di varianti, di migliorare lâedizione critica del testo. Chiarisce, infine, le procedure di composizione del verbale delle sedute, che Victor Hugo aveva conservato in vista di una pubblicazione postuma
National societies' needs as assessed by the ESTRO National Societies Committee survey: A European perspective
Purpose: To determine how ESTRO can collaborate with Radiation Oncology National Societies (NS) according to its mission and values, and to define the new roadmap to strengthen the NS network role in the forthcoming years. Materials and methods: The ESTRO NS committee launched a survey addressed to all European National Societies, available online from June 5th to October 30th 2018. Questions were divided into three main sections: (1) general information about NS; (2) relevant activities (to understand the landscape of each NS context of action); (3) relevant needs (to understand how ESTRO can support the NS). Eighty-nine European NS were invited to participate. Respondents were asked to rank ESTRO milestones in order of importance, indicating the level of priority to their society. Results: A total of 58 out of 89 NS (65.2%) from 31 European countries completed the questionnaire. The majority of NS ranked âOptimal patient care to cure cancer and to reduce treatment-related toxicityâ as the highest level of priority. This aligns well with the ESTRO vision 2030 âOptimal health for all together.â NS also indicated a high need for more consensus guidelines and exchange of best practices, access to high quality accredited education, implementation of the ESTRO School Core Curriculum at the national level, and defining quality indicators and standard in Radiation Oncology, improved communication and increased channelling of information. Conclusion: The results of this survey will be used to strengthen the relations between ESTRO and European NS to promote and develop initiatives to improve cancer care
A physical supply-use table framework for energy analysis on the energy conversion chain
In response to the oil crises of the 1970s, energy accounting experienced a revolution and became the much broader field of energy analysis, in part by expanding along the energy conversion chain from primary and final energy to useful energy and energy services, which satisfy human needs. After evolution and specialization, the field of energy analysis today addresses topics along the entire energy conversion chain, including energy conversion systems, energy resources, carbon emissions, and the role of energy services in promoting human well-being and development. And the expanded field would benefit from a common analysis framework that provides data structure uniformity and methodological consistency.
Building upon recent advances in related fields, we propose a physical supply-use table energy analysis framework consisting of four matrices from which the input-output structure of an energy conversion chain can be determined and the effects of changes in final demand can be estimated. Real-world examples demonstrate the physical supply-use table framework via investigation of energy analysis questions for a United Kingdom energy conversion chain.
The physical supply use table framework has two key methodological advances over the building blocks that precede it, namely extending a common energy analysis framework through to energy services and application of physical supply-use tables to both energy and exergy analysis. The methodological advances enable the following first-time contributions to the literature: (1) performing energy and exergy analyses on an energy conversion chain using physical supply-use table matrices comprised of disaggregated products in physical units when the last stage is any of final energy, useful energy, or energy services; (2) performing structural path analysis on an energy conversion chain; and (3) developing and utilizing a matrix approach to inhomogeneous units. The framework spans the entire energy conversion chain and is suitable for many sub-fields of energy analysis, including net energy analysis, societal energy analysis, human needs and well-being, and structural path analysis, all of which are explored in this paper
A Net Energy Analysis of the Global Agriculture, Aquaculture, Fishing and Forestry System
The global agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and forestry (AAFF) energy system is subject to three unsustainable trends: (1) the approaching biophysical limits of AAFF; (2) the role of AAFF as a driver of environmental degradation; and (3) the long-term declining energy efficiency of AAFF due to growing dependence on fossil fuels. In response, we conduct a net energy analysis for the period 1971â2017 and review existing studies to investigate the global AAFF energy system and its vulnerability to the three unsustainable trends from an energetic perspective. We estimate the global AAFF system represents 27.9% of societies energy supply in 2017, with food energy representing 20.8% of societies total energy supply. We find that the net energy-return-on-investment (net EROI) of global AAFF increased from 2.87:1 in 1971 to 4.05:1 in 2017. We suggest that rising net EROI values are being fuelled in part by âdepleting natures accumulated energy stocksâ. We also find that the net energy balance of AAFF increased by 130% in this period, with at the same time a decrease in both the proportion of rural residents and also the proportion of the total population working in AAFFâwhich decreased from 19.8 to 10.3%. However, this comes at the cost of growing fossil fuel dependency which increased from 43.6 to 62.2%. Given the increasing probability of near-term fossil fuel scarcity, the growing impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, and the approaching biophysical limits of global AAFF, âOdumâs hoaxâ is likely soon to be revealed
EROI minimum et croissance Ă©conomique
International audienceLes notions dâĂ©nergie nette et dâEROI ont progressivement gagnĂ© en popularitĂ© depuis leur Ă©mergence dans les annĂ©es 1970. ParticuliĂšrement utiles pour caractĂ©riser, respectivement, lâĂ©tat dâabondance et la difficultĂ© Ă extraire lâĂ©nergie de lâenvironnement, leur mesure sâavĂšre nĂ©anmoins difficile. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, dans un contexte de rarĂ©faction des hydrocarbures et de basculement vers les Ă©nergies dĂ©carbonĂ©es, plusieurs Ă©tudes ont essayĂ© dâestimer lâimpact dâune baisse de lâEROI sur le fonctionnement dâune sociĂ©tĂ© industrielle. Une autre façon dâapprocher ce sujet revient Ă se demander sâil est possible dâestimer la valeur minimale dâEROI requise pour soutenir la croissance Ă©conomique. En raison de certaines faiblesses mĂ©thodologiques, les rĂ©sultats de ce champ de recherche restent hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes et difficiles Ă interprĂ©ter, dâautant quâils sâinscrivent dans un contexte de requalification de lâobjectif Ă atteindre (croissance Ă©conomique ou qualitĂ© de vie), auquel la science ne pourra pas rĂ©pondre seul
Josiane Attuel : Le Style de Stendhal
Fizaine Jean-Claude. Josiane Attuel : Le Style de Stendhal. In: Romantisme, 1982, n°36. Traditions et novations. pp. 107-108
Study of economic availability related to rare metals in the context of the energy transition
Un nombre croissant dâĂ©tudes acadĂ©miques et de rapports dâorganismes internationaux relĂšvent une dĂ©pendance accrue des nouvelles technologies de lâĂ©nergie vis-Ă -vis dâune catĂ©gorie de ressources souvent prĂ©nommĂ©s mĂ©taux rares. ParallĂšlement, il se forme depuis plusieurs annĂ©es des inquiĂ©tudes sur la disponibilitĂ© Ă©conomique de ces mĂ©taux pour opĂ©rer la transition Ă©nergĂ©tique nĂ©cessaire Ă la lutte contre le rĂ©chauffement climatique. Cette thĂšse a donc pour objectif de souligner lâensemble des contraintes et des risques quâimplique lâusage frĂ©quent et gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ© de ces mĂ©taux dans les nouvelles technologies de lâĂ©nergie. Une premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse est consacrĂ©e aux indicateurs et aux thĂ©ories reliĂ©es Ă la disponibilitĂ© Ă©conomique de long terme dâune ressource non renouvelable tout en faisant apparaitre un ensemble de traits communs partagĂ©s par les mĂ©taux rares. La seconde partie de cette thĂšse dĂ©montre les risques attachĂ©s Ă une absence dâĂ©lasticitĂ© prix de lâoffre de mĂ©taux rares du fait dâune contrainte de sous-produit. Elle offre Ă©galement une analyse approfondie des causes et des consĂ©quences relatives Ă lâabsence de marchĂ© Ă terme pour la quasi-totalitĂ© de ces mĂ©taux rares. Enfin, son dernier chapitre propose dâexplorer la liaison trĂšs forte existant entre le secteur de lâĂ©nergie et le secteur des mĂ©taux. Il y est dĂ©montrĂ© que cette connexion sâaccentue et quâelle implique la possibilitĂ© dâun cercle vicieux entre des Ă©nergies toujours moins concentrĂ©es (avec un contenu en mĂ©taux grandissant) et des mĂ©taux qui consomment toujours plus dâĂ©nergie sous lâeffet de leur Ă©puisement.A growing number of academic studies and international organizations reports have noticed an increasing dependency of new energy technologies on a specific class of natural resources often called minor metals. For several years, worries about economic availability of these metals in order to realize the energy transition have appeared. This thesis aims at underline the broader risks and constraints involved by general use of these metals in new energy technologies. A first part of this thesis is devoted to theories and indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources. This part also shows that minor metals share many characteristics and that they can form a group of metal consistent. In a second part, this thesis addresses the issues linked to the absence of price elasticity for the supply of minor metals due to the byproduct constraint. Another chapter offers an analysis of causes and consequences connected to the absence of futures markets for almost all minor metals. Finally, a last chapter highlights the strong link existing between the energy sector and the metals sectors. This connection is increasing and can create a vicious circle between energies which are less and less concentrated and metals which consume more and more energy due to their depletion
La croissance verte est-elle durable et compatible avec lâĂ©conomie circulaireâ? Une approche par lâidentitĂ© IPAT
Il existe une forte polysĂ©mie derriĂšre lâexpression «âĂ©conomie circulaireâ». Certains identifient lâĂ©conomie circulaire comme une forme finale de la croissance verte (croissance Ă©conomique infinie dans un monde fini). Dâautres, au contraire, perçoivent la croissance verte comme le prolongement dâun ancien modĂšle fondamentalement incompatible avec les limites de la gĂ©osphĂšre et donc trĂšs diffĂ©rent de lâĂ©conomie circulaire qui sâinscrit dans un mimĂ©tisme Ă©cologique. Dans cet article, nous explorons les hypothĂšses permettant de rĂ©concilier la croissance verte avec lâĂ©conomie circulaire via la dĂ©matĂ©rialisation. Nous montrons que la rĂ©conciliation de lâĂ©conomie circulaire et de la croissance verte rĂ©clamerait (i) une vitesse de dĂ©croissance de lâintensitĂ© matĂ©rielle de lâĂ©conomie Ă des niveaux jamais observĂ©s, mais Ă©galement (ii) une absence de limite physique Ă cette dĂ©croissance. Cela laisse supposer que lâapproche de la croissance verte est fondamentalement incompatible avec le concept dâĂ©conomie circulaire
Analyses de la disponibilité économique des métaux rares dans le cadre de la transition énergétique
A growing number of academic studies and international organizations reports have noticed an increasing dependency of new energy technologies on a specific class of natural resources often called minor metals. For several years, worries about economic availability of these metals in order to realize the energy transition have appeared. This thesis aims at underline the broader risks and constraints involved by general use of these metals in new energy technologies. A first part of this thesis is devoted to theories and indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources. This part also shows that minor metals share many characteristics and that they can form a group of metal consistent. In a second part, this thesis addresses the issues linked to the absence of price elasticity for the supply of minor metals due to the byproduct constraint. Another chapter offers an analysis of causes and consequences connected to the absence of futures markets for almost all minor metals. Finally, a last chapter highlights the strong link existing between the energy sector and the metals sectors. This connection is increasing and can create a vicious circle between energies which are less and less concentrated and metals which consume more and more energy due to their depletion.Un nombre croissant dâĂ©tudes acadĂ©miques et de rapports dâorganismes internationaux relĂšvent une dĂ©pendance accrue des nouvelles technologies de lâĂ©nergie vis-Ă -vis dâune catĂ©gorie de ressources souvent prĂ©nommĂ©s mĂ©taux rares. ParallĂšlement, il se forme depuis plusieurs annĂ©es des inquiĂ©tudes sur la disponibilitĂ© Ă©conomique de ces mĂ©taux pour opĂ©rer la transition Ă©nergĂ©tique nĂ©cessaire Ă la lutte contre le rĂ©chauffement climatique. Cette thĂšse a donc pour objectif de souligner lâensemble des contraintes et des risques quâimplique lâusage frĂ©quent et gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ© de ces mĂ©taux dans les nouvelles technologies de lâĂ©nergie. Une premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse est consacrĂ©e aux indicateurs et aux thĂ©ories reliĂ©es Ă la disponibilitĂ© Ă©conomique de long terme dâune ressource non renouvelable tout en faisant apparaitre un ensemble de traits communs partagĂ©s par les mĂ©taux rares. La seconde partie de cette thĂšse dĂ©montre les risques attachĂ©s Ă une absence dâĂ©lasticitĂ© prix de lâoffre de mĂ©taux rares du fait dâune contrainte de sous-produit. Elle offre Ă©galement une analyse approfondie des causes et des consĂ©quences relatives Ă lâabsence de marchĂ© Ă terme pour la quasi-totalitĂ© de ces mĂ©taux rares. Enfin, son dernier chapitre propose dâexplorer la liaison trĂšs forte existant entre le secteur de lâĂ©nergie et le secteur des mĂ©taux. Il y est dĂ©montrĂ© que cette connexion sâaccentue et quâelle implique la possibilitĂ© dâun cercle vicieux entre des Ă©nergies toujours moins concentrĂ©es (avec un contenu en mĂ©taux grandissant) et des mĂ©taux qui consomment toujours plus dâĂ©nergie sous lâeffet de leur Ă©puisement
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