The three-electron bond in chlorine dioxide

The stability of certain molecules(1) containing an odd number of electrons has been explained on the basis of the formation of three-electron bonds. Evidence has now been obtained which substantiates the validity of a similar explanation for the stability of ClO2, and in particular for its lack of tendency to polymerize to Cl2O4

Klipsun Magazine, 1992, Volume 29, Issue 02 - April

https://cedar.wwu.edu/klipsun_magazine/1128/thumbnail.jp

The Influence of Indigenous Artistis in the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas

Honorable Mention for the Griswold Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Historical ScholarshipIn the late sixteenth century the Spanish cosmographer López de Velasco ordered maps of cities and towns in America to be produced and returned to Spain to gain a more accurate understanding of Spanish territory in the New World. His instructions known as the Relación Geográfica questionnaire was disseminated to local officials in towns across the Viceroys of New Spain and Peru. In some cases Spanish government officials living in the Americas enlisted indigenous artists and cartographers, particularly those in New Spain. As a result, the maps vary in distinct ways from Spanish and European maps of the same time period. By analyzing the differences in the two types of maps, it becomes possible to gain a unique perspective into spatial viewpoints of native peoples in early colonial America. My research is aimed at describing specific spatial patterns of representation used by indigenous artists in depicting early Latin American towns. These maps communicated many aspects of indigenous art and thought back to the Iberian Peninsula.http://history.ou.edu/journalundergraduat

The 1982 Outstanding Service Award

The Iowa Science Teachers Section of the Iowa Academy of Science annually presents a deserving member with the Outstanding Service Award. This year, Dr. Joe Moore, the science and environmental education consultant of Keystone AEA in Elkader, Iowa was chosen to receive the award. The award was presented at the annual Fall Conference in Marshalltown on November 11

Carbon measurement in the NHS: Calculating the first consumption-based total carbon footprint of an NHS Trust.

Paul Brockway of ARUP completed his MSc in ‘Climate Change and Sustainable Development’ at the Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development (IESD) in 2009, resulting in this dissertation. He is currently working with Leticia Ozawa-Meida at IESD ([email protected] or 0116 257 7962) on calculating the university’s carbon footprint. Paul is a Senior Sustainability Consultant at ARUP and can be contacted on 0191 261 6080 or [email protected] .In January 2009 a national NHS England carbon reduction strategy (SDU, 2009a) was launched. It is believed to be the first public sector organisation worldwide to publish a carbon strategy based on the embedded emissions of all its activities: a consumption-based approach. The strategy sets a target for 2015 to reduce NHS England’s total consumption-based emissions from travel, building energy and procurement sectors to 10% below the 2007 level of 20.0MtCO2 (SEI and Arup, 2009a). At the local level, NHS Trusts currently measure building energy emissions and in some cases staff travel emissions, but do not include procurement. This omission is important, as procurement is estimated to account for 60% of NHS England emissions. Therefore, as none of the NHS Trusts in England have undertaken a consumption-based footprint, they have no means of baselining all emissions and checking individual progress towards the national target. A gap therefore exists between NHS England targets and the measurement tools available at an NHS Trust level. This research seeks to explore this gap. Firstly, the consumption-based carbon footprint of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust was calculated, and determined to be 168,902tCO2 in 2007. A similar methodology was used to that developed for the NHS England carbon footprint study (SDC, 2008), except importantly bottom-up data was obtained directly from the NHS Trust. By reviewing the results, and comparing them to those for NHS England, the footprinting technique appears technically viable for use at an NHS Trust level. Secondly, the applications and benefits of this technique were examined. At a Trust level, there are clear benefits in establishing and monitoring baseline emissions, and comparing progress to NHS England targets. In addition, wider use could accrue benefits via inter-Trust and regional NHS benchmarking. Lastly, this technique could in future be applied to the development of ‘low carbon pathway’ models of care, by mapping carbon emissions to patient costing systems

Are Graded Lesson Observations the "Elephant" in Our Classrooms? An Exploration into the Views of In-Service Teacher Trainees on Lesson Observations

The title of this article is inspired by a teacher trainee who used this expression to refer to teaching observations undertaken by Teacher Educators on teacher training courses. The expression is suggestive of a problematic view of lesson observations. This article seeks to examine the perspectives of in-service teacher trainees on this issue. Mixed research methods were used, focusing on real-life contexts and perspectives. The first research method involved a survey that aimed to determine trainees’ perspectives and identify a sample of their views. A key feature of this survey was that it required that trainees provide a commentary in which they were asked to provide a rationale for their answers. Some of the survey questions could be interpreted as leading questions, but these same questions were then totally re-framed during the focus groups using language indicative of an antithetical viewpoint to those asked during the survey. It was hoped that this would encourage a more dialectical debate and search for new perspectives and interpretations of the data. This is also a technique cited by Moore (2000) with regard to dialectical research and analysis. The use of a range of data collection methods and reasonable sample size (32) also helps to support the validity of the overall data. The rationale was to gain an insight into trainees’ perspectives on lesson observations. To do this, a survey was conducted, which was then followed up with two focus groups. The purpose of the focus groups was to open up a more exploratory discussion where contrasting opinions were encouraged. This research concluded with two in-depth interviews with teacher trainees to discuss their specific perspectives. The purpose of the interviews was to review a range of strategies, which might be used to help observers support staff and teacher trainees to create more effective teaching and learning observations. The findings from this research highlighted key issues with regard to graded teaching and learning observations. A range of recommendations is offered to help. Some changes to the approach of initial teaching providers are suggested, in addition to opening spaces for trainees and teacher trainers to explore these issues. The trainees surveyed welcomed these suggestions