Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Giant Mimivirus Particle with an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

Citation: Ekeberg, T., Svenda, M., Abergel, C., Maia, F., Seltzer, V., Claverie, J. M., . . . Hajdu, J. (2015). Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Giant Mimivirus Particle with an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Physical Review Letters, 114(9), 6. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.098102We present a proof-of-concept three-dimensional reconstruction of the giant mimivirus particle from experimentally measured diffraction patterns from an x-ray free-electron laser. Three-dimensional imaging requires the assembly of many two-dimensional patterns into an internally consistent Fourier volume. Since each particle is randomly oriented when exposed to the x-ray pulse, relative orientations have to be retrieved from the diffraction data alone. We achieve this with a modified version of the expand, maximize and compress algorithm and validate our result using new methods.Additional Authors: Andersson, I.;Loh, N. D.;Martin, A. V.;Chapman, H.;Bostedt, C.;Bozek, J. D.;Ferguson, K. R.;Krzywinski, J.;Epp, S. W.;Rolles, D.;Rudenko, A.;Hartmann, R.;Kimmel, N.;Hajdu, J

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the giant mimivirus particle with an X-ray free-electron laser

10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.098102Physical Review Letters114909810

Self-medication with steroids in inflammatory bowel disease

International audienceBACKGROUND:The self-prescribing rates of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with biologicals are unknown.AIM:To investigate the frequency and modalities of self-medication with steroids in adult IBD patients.METHODS:Patients with IBD who attended Nancy University Hospital between November 2012 and May 2013 were included in the study. Patients were interviewed using an 11 item questionnaire.RESULTS:100 patients participated in the survey. In total 15 patients (15%) had already used corticosteroids without medical prescription since their IBD diagnosis and 4 patients of them (27%) used steroids as self-medication while on anti-TNF treatment. The mean total duration of corticosteroid treatment was 24 days (range 1.5-105). In total 4 patients (27%) used corticosteroids more than 10 times without medical prescription (range 1-20). The two main reasons were the need for quick relief of symptoms (n=6) and the unwillingness to consult a physician (n=3).CONCLUSION:A relatively high proportion of patients with IBD use corticosteroids without medical prescription. Due to their side effects, self-medication may include 'steroid dependency' as it may reflect uncontrolled disease. As steroids have significant side effects and patients may have active disease it is important to counsel patients and to monitor their self-prescribing patterns in IBD patients

Anti-TNF Monotherapy for Crohn's Disease: a 13-year Multicentre Experience.

BACKGROUND: Anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] therapy in combination with thiopurine is the most effective strategy for Crohn's disease, but raises safety concerns. METHODS: In a retrospective multicentre study, we investigated long-term outcome of patients starting anti-TNF monotherapy for Crohn's disease and investigated whether introducing an immunomodulator in patients losing response to anti-TNF monotherapy is effective for resetting immunogenicity. RESULTS: A total of 350 adult patients with Crohn's disease received either infliximab [n = 178, 51%] or adalimumab [n = 172, 49%] monotherapy. Mean duration of follow-up was 42 months. An immunomodulator was initiated in 53 patients [15%]. At last follow-up, 73.1% [n = 38] were in clinical remission [one patient with missing data]. Multivariate analysis identified anti-TNF type [higher need for starting immunomodulator for infliximab than for adalimumab; p = 0.0058] and first- vs second-/third-/fourth-line anti-TNF therapy [p = 0.014] as predictors of immunomodulator initiation. Among the 18 patients with available data, introduction of an immunomodulator was able to restore infliximab trough level within the therapeutic range and to induce clinical remission in 10 patients [55%]. Cumulative probability of remaining on anti-TNF therapy was 57.9% at 5 years among the 297 patients not starting an immunomodulator during follow-up. CONCLUSION: An immunomodulator was initiated in 15% of patients with Crohn's disease starting anti-TNF monotherapy. Independent predictors of immunomodulator initiation were infliximab use and second-/third-/fourth-line anti-TNF therapy. Resetting immunogenicity with an immunomodulator was effective in half of patients in a sub-study. Persistence of anti-TNF treatment at 5 years was observed in half of the 297 patients not starting an immumodulator in a real-life setting

455/610-GHz fT/fMAX InP DHBT technology with demonstration of a beyond-110-GHz-bandwidth large-swing PAM-4 2:1 AMUX-driver

International audienceWe report on an Indium Phosphide (InP) double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) technology for integrated circuit design and fabrication. The 0.4×5 µm² DHBT devices exhibit a 455-GHz fT and a 610-GHz fMAX, with a 4 V common-emitter breakdown voltage, the BVCE0, and a peak current gain β of 25. This enabled state-of-the-art 2:1 Analog multiplexer (AMUX)-driver results with beyond-110-GHz bandwidth and 2-Vppd PAM-4 swing at 100 GBd

Over 70-GHz 4.9-V ppdiff InP linear driver for next generation coherent optical communications

International audienceThis paper presents a 86.8-GHz bandwidth 4.9-V ppdiff (peak-to-peak differential) linear electro-optical (E/O) modulator driver fabricated in III-V Lab's 0.7-μm InP DHBT technology. On-wafer measurements exhibit a differential gain of 15.1 dB at 0.2 GHz and a 4.1-dB peaking gain at 51 GHz. Record bandwidth and maximum peaking-frequency, for a lumped linear driver, are obtained. Very high quality 100-Gb/s NRZ and 50GBd PAM-4 output eye diagrams have been measured. A good measurement and EM-simulation agreement is shown. The InP linear driver power consumption is respectively 0.94 and 1.2 W at 4.1 and 4.9-V ppdiff output swings

Vilkår for samværsnektelse etter Den europeiske menneskerettskonvensjonen. Har Den europeiske menneskerettsdomstolen endret kravene som stilles for samværsværsnektelse ved svak tilknytning mellom foreldre og barn?

En undersøkelse av hvilke krav EMD stiller for å nekte samvær i saker ved svak tilknytning mellom foreldre og barn. Det har i juridisk teori blitt hevdet at EMD stiller lavere krav for å nekte samvær mellom foreldre og barn dersom forholdet dem imellom er svakt. En gjennomgang av EMDs praksis viser at et svakt forhold skal tas med i vurderingen av om samværsnektelsen er nødvendig. Kravet er imidlertid ikke endret: EMD krever fortsatt at det må foreligge ekstraordinære omstendigheter for å nekte samvær