GESTÃO DE CONFLITOS EM SALA DE AULA: Estudo em Escolas do Ensino Fundamental do Município de Igarapé Grande - Maranhão - Brasil

O presente estudo aborda o resultado de uma pesquisa acerca do termo gestão de conflitos em sala de aula. Com base na linha teórica de vários pesquisadores que defendem o termo como sendo comum ao comportamento do ser humano, desde o ápice de sua vivência em sociedade. Analisando o cenário do sistema de ensino brasileiro nos últimos dez anos, verifica-se que o assunto em foco, retrata os desfalques enfrentados por milhões de educadores em todo país, o docente em seu “oficio” de educar, vivencia momentos difíceis em cumprir seu papel de promover o conhecimento na vida do educando. Diante dos impasses gerados por problemas relacionados a conflitos interpessoais entre professor/aluno e aluno/aluno, a presente pesquisa nos leva a uma reflexão acerca dos desafios enfrentados atualmente por profissionais em sala de aula, todavia a problemática da conflitologia tem sido alvo de diversos questionamentos sobre quem são os verdadeiros culpados pela sua ocorrência. Para (CECCON 2009, p. 60), uma das condições para que os vínculos entre as pessoas da escola se consolidem é chegar a acordos coletivos [...] que favoreçam relacionamentos amigáveis. As interações positivas tecem conexões interpessoais que produzem sentimentos de segurança e de aceitação – fatores determinantes para que os conflitos possam ser manejados com habilidade, no contexto do diálogo constante, sem margem para que manifestações de violência ocorram. O conflito, nem sempre deve ser encarado como algo desagradável ao trabalho docente ou que mereça ser reprimido ou punido, há suas contribuições para o ensino aprendizagem, mas para que o professor possa tirar proveito da situação, é necessário compreender e identificar suas causas, para então traçar suas mediações e conduzir as partes a um diálogo favorável, porém, isso requer profissionalismo e boa didática. Para tanto, é necessário que o educador, esteja em constante inovação do conhecimento, a fim de desenvolver metodologias, seja através dos recursos da informática, seja com os midiáticos enfim, são ferramentas que podem auxiliar em muito as atividades educativas favorecendo a aprendizagem, além de ajudar o professor a identificar as deficiências do educando, bem como saber agir diante das mais variadas formas de conflitos. Para Salles Filho (2016, p. 311), portanto, é preciso olhar com mais cuidado para os processos de vivências / convivências humanas que se dão nos ambientes escolares, os quais estão vinculados aos processos de conflitos. Nesse sentido, é importante estabelecer novas práticas para mediar tais conflitos [...]. Há um cem número de profissionais que apresentam as mais variadas queixas diante das constantes e arbitrárias formas de resolução de conflitos, as dificuldades enfrentadas em lidar com as mais complexas situações. O presente estudo nos traz visão acerca dos reais problemas enfrentadas por profissionais na realidade atual escola lhe dar com os conflitos, sendo uma realidade sempre presente na vida do homem enquanto ser social, devemos reconhecer que a mediação e o bom diálogo, é a forma mais viável de proporcionar ao aluno o saber, pois só a educação é capaz de transformar as pessoas pra que elas transformem o mundo.N/

Os primórdios da organização do espaço territorial e da vila cearense: algumas notas

This paper presents, in outline, the action taken by economic agents, representatives of the Church and the Portuguese State in organizing the space of the Captaincy of Ceará in the eighteenth century. The Portuguese State founded towns in strategic locations for better capitalization of the cattle breeder economy, where first settled sesmeiros and the Church. There was no reason or justification of geopolitical nature that demanded technical and financial investments by the Portuguese in the full adequacy of the local conditions to Portuguese urban guidelines. In the face of the late occupation, the article also discusses the late cartographic representation as expressing the lack of interests of the Portuguese administration in relation to a fuller understanding of the region

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Composição química e avaliações físicas de mortadela de tilápia do Nilo com sabor de camarão

Sin processing industries generate large amounts of waste that are truly sources of contamination to the environment when they are disposed of inappropriately. The use of these residues in the preparation of food for humans can be an alternative in obtaining a nutritious and more accessible product, in addition to adding value to the residues and increasing the profit margin of the industries. This research aimed to determine the centesimal composition, energy value and physical analysis of a mortadella made with meat mechanically separated from Nile tilapia with shrimp flavor. Three mortadella formulations with varying concentrations of aromatic shrimp flavor were analyzed and partial chemical composition analysis, energy value calculation and physical analysis were performed in appropriate equipment for each analysis. All formulations were within the standards established by current legislation in Brazil regarding chemical composition, in addition to a lower energy value than conventional mortadella sold in supermarkets. The physical analyzes met the quality standards recommended in the literature. The formulations evaluated are an alternative to add value to the waste from the processing of filleting tilapia, and can be used in the preparation of mortadella, with healthier and more nutritious characteristics.As indústrias de beneficiamento do pescado geram grandes quantidades de resíduos que são verdadeiras fontes de contaminação ao meio ambiente quando são descartados inadequadamente. O aproveitamento desses resíduos na elaboração de alimentos para humanos pode ser uma alternativa na obtenção de um produto nutritivo e mais acessível, além de agregar valor aos resíduos e aumentar a margem de lucro das indústrias. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se determinar a composição centesimal, valor energético e análises físicas de uma mortadela elaborada com carne mecanicamente separada de tilápia do Nilo com sabor de camarão. Foram analisadas três formulações de mortadelas com concentrações variadas de extrato aromático sabor camarão e realizadas análises de composição química parcial, cálculo do valor energético e análises físicas em equipamentos apropriados para cada análise. Todas as formulações se apresentaram dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente no Brasil quanto a composição química, além de um valor energético menor que as mortadelas convencionais comercializadas em supermercados. As análises físicas atenderam aos padrões de qualidade recomendados na literatura. As formulações avaliadas são uma alternativa para agregar valor aos resíduos do processamento da filetagem de tilápia, podendo ser empregados na elaboração de mortadela, com características mais saudáveis e nutritivas

Impacts of the Residual Trace Metals of Aquaculture in Net Cages on the Quality of Sediment

Anthropogenic pollution by trace metals in aquatic environments in semiarid zones is a critical area of investigation. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and spatial distribution of trace metals in surface sediments in the Rosário reservoir, which is affected by the intensive aquaculture of Tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Sediment samples were collected in three different areas, postculture (PCTV), cultivation (CTV) and control (CTRL) in the dry season in 2019. The granulometric composition, organic matter and concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni metals were determined. Multivariate statistics were used. Geochemical and ecotoxicological indices and a comparison with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were used. The sediment was characterized by silty clay loam with an average organic matter of 18.76 ± 4.27. The analytical merit figures demonstrated accuracy (metal recoveries in certified standards) between 89 to 99% and high precision (RSD −1). The highest concentration values were found in the CTV areas (Fe: 40 ± 0.22, Mn: 66.48 ± 19.11, Zn: 114.83 ± 59.75 and Cr: 70.85 ± 2.62) and PCTV (Cd: 0.53 ± 0.04, Cu: 71.83 ± 21.20, Pb: 33.71 ± 4.34 and Ni: 44.60 ± 1.79). Pearson’s correlation, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis confirmed the influence of fish farming on metals. Only Ni presented concentration values higher than the reference value established in the SQG. Thus, considering the probable geochemical and ecotoxicological effects, they comprise the two lowest levels of impact

Impacts of the Residual Trace Metals of Aquaculture in Net Cages on the Quality of Sediment

Anthropogenic pollution by trace metals in aquatic environments in semiarid zones is a critical area of investigation. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and spatial distribution of trace metals in surface sediments in the Rosário reservoir, which is affected by the intensive aquaculture of Tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Sediment samples were collected in three different areas, postculture (PCTV), cultivation (CTV) and control (CTRL) in the dry season in 2019. The granulometric composition, organic matter and concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni metals were determined. Multivariate statistics were used. Geochemical and ecotoxicological indices and a comparison with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were used. The sediment was characterized by silty clay loam with an average organic matter of 18.76 ± 4.27. The analytical merit figures demonstrated accuracy (metal recoveries in certified standards) between 89 to 99% and high precision (RSD < 5%). The concentration ranges for the metals were Fe: 0.11–0.85 (%), Mn: 14.46–86.91, Zn: 2.6–220.56, Cu: 26.89–98.75, Cr: 60.18–76.06, Cd: 0.38–0.59, Pb: 18.13–43.13, and Ni: 34.4–46.75, all in (mg/kg−1). The highest concentration values were found in the CTV areas (Fe: 40 ± 0.22, Mn: 66.48 ± 19.11, Zn: 114.83 ± 59.75 and Cr: 70.85 ± 2.62) and PCTV (Cd: 0.53 ±0.04, Cu: 71.83 ± 21.20, Pb: 33.71 ± 4.34 and Ni: 44.60 ± 1.79). Pearson’s correlation, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis confirmed the influence of fish farming on metals. Only Ni presented concentration values higher than the reference value established in the SQG. Thus, considering the probable geochemical and ecotoxicological effects, they comprise the two lowest levels of impact

Biodiesel and Bioplastic Production from Waste-Cooking-Oil Transesterification: An Environmentally Friendly Approach

Alternative sources of fuel have been a concern in the last few decades. The growth of urbanization and industrialization will lead to the exhaustion of fossil fuels, attracting studies on alternative routes. The main aim of this study was to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) by methyl transesterification using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. For this, the physicochemical parameters of biodiesel were studied in triplicate (density, acidity, saponification, viscosity, corrosiveness to copper, visual appearance, and cloud point). An analysis by thin layer chromatography and infrared spectrometry was also performed. The increase in yield (83.3%) was directly proportional to the increase in the catalyst (0.22 g of NaOH). The infrared absorption spectra of WCO and biodiesel showed the presence of common and singular bands of each material. Furthermore, a simple and low-cost mechanism was proposed for purifying glycerol. The spectra of glycerol versus purified glycerin showed that the glycerin produced was pure, being used in the formulation of bioplastic. The product was checked for biodegradation and photodegradation, with incredible soil-degradation times of 180 days and photodegradation of only 60 days. In this way, biodiesel production from WCO showed environmentally friendly proposals and applicability. As the next steps, it is necessary to test the biodiesel produced in combustion engines and improve the bioplastic production, including a spectroscopic characterization and extensive biodegradation testing